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IX 


1915 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/articlespublisheOOgreerich 


3ftr0l  (JPuarter 


Ntttrt^ra  Jtftei^tt 


VOLUME  IX 


JANUARY— FEBRUARY— MARCH 


NUMBER  1 


KnJitana.  for  J^ratik  AUab^tt  Ci^^tt^alfl^tral  (Enmpang,  of  tljf 

(Hitg  of  N^m  fork,  ©ommotim? altiy  of  Nem  Jork,  Ut 

CPuartprhj  lEMtuma,  J^our  Hooka  to  %  'Holume. 

at  Ji^our  SoUarB  Attmtall^,  0^?  Sollar  a 

Olopg  for    ^t«5b  Numbers  3J 

OlopgngJit,  1315,  bg  3Frattk  AUab^n  CfS>?ttfaIo5tral  dompattg 


BOABD  OF  EDITOBIAL  DIBBCTOBS 


EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 
FBANK    AI^ABBK 


PRESIDENT 
FRANK    ALLABBN 


GENEALOGICAL    EDITOR 
M.   T.   B.   WASBBUBN 


ASSOCIATE    EDITOR 
FBANCES    M.    SMITH 


SECRETARY 
M.    T.    B.    WASHBUBN 


ASSOCIATE  EDITOR 
JOHN  FOWrEB  MITCHELL,  JR 


STEPHEN    FABNUM    PBCKHAM 


Publication  Office,  Greenfield,  Indiana:  John  Fowler  Mitchell,  Jr.,  Manager 
Addreee  all  Communications  to   the    Editorial    and    Subscription    Offices  in  New  Yorhl 

New  York  Office,  Forty -Second  Street  Building,  New  York,  A.  Y. 
New  York  Telephone,  Murray  Hill  4524;  Cable  Address,  Allaben,    New  York 


LONDON B.  P.  Stevens  &  Brown 

4  Trafalgar  Square,  W.  C. 
PABIS Brentano's 

37,  Avenue  de  I'Opera 
BEBLIN Asher   and    Company 

Unter  den  Linden  56 
DUBLIN Combrldge  and   Company 

18    Grafton    Street 

EDINBUEGH Andrew    Elliott 

■ut-n-Drrx  ^"^   Princes   Street 

MADBID Llbreria  Internaclonal  de 

„„     _  Adrian  Romo,  Alcala  6 

ROME L.   Piale 

1  Piazza  dl  Spagna 


ST.  PETEBSBUBO. .  Watkins   and    Company 

Marskala  No.   36 
CAIBO F.    Diemer 

Shepheard's    Building 
BOMBAY Thacker   and   Company  Limited 

Esplanade  Road 

TOKIO Methodist    Publishing   House 

2  Shichome,  Glz  Glnza 

MEXICO  CITY American  Book  and  Printing  Co. 

1st  San  Francisco  No.  12 

ATHENS Const.    Electheroudakls 

Place  de   la  Constitution 

BUENOS  AYRES. . .  John  Grant  and  Son 

Calle  Cangallo  469 


F 


E«sa^cro; 


icroTtLu 


ibrary 


®abb  of  Olont^ttta 

2II|?  iflunml  of  Amrman  l|tatarg  {jaa  pbaawr^  ttt  ?x- 
pr? BHtitg  ttH  grateful  apprwtattatt  of  %  ly^lpful  ro-0pf  ratUm 
of  ®lj0  Patt-Autfrtran  Mnuin,  ttt  prntJiJittig  fnr  r^prnJiur- 
tt0tt  ttt  tiytB  Nttttthf  r  of  tl|?  iiagazttt^  tij?  f  ttgratttttga  of 
sttntB,  butUntttga  uv^  moitutttetttH  ttt  Ol^ittral  attft  #otttI| 

Attt^rtra 

THE  CHRIST  OF  THE  ANDES.  A  Bronze  Statue,  More 
THAN  Twice  Life-Size,  Cast  out  of  Cannon,  That 
Stands  on  the  Summit  of  the  Mountains  between 
Chile  and  Argentina.  Here  San  Martin  Crossed  in 
1817  TO  Deliver  Chile  from  Spain's  Yoke.  Erected  to 
Commemorate  the  Settlement  by  England's  Arbitra- 
tion OF  THE  Boundary  Dispute  between  the  Two  Coun- 
tries. Engraving  Reproduced  from  a  Photograph 
Copyrighted  by  Underwood  and  Underwood,  New 
York Front  Cover 

THE  RULE  OF  BARBARISM  THE  CULMINATION  OF 
THE  EUROPEAN  SYSTEM.  From  a  Remarkable, 
Strong-Thoughted,  and  Impressively  Worded  Letter, 
Written  in  1914  by  Senor  Triana  to  the  President 
OF  THE  Republic  of  Colombia.  This  Letter,  a  Trans- 
lation OF  Which  Appeared  in  The  New  York  Times, 
December  13,  1914,  Was  Reproduced  in  Spanish  in 
HisPANiA,  A  Spanish  Periodical  of  London — Santiago 
Perez  Triana 13 

"WHAT  HAS  AMERICA  DONE  FOR  THE  BENEFIT 
OF  MANKIND?"  From  an  Address  Made  at  Wash- 
ington, ON  THE  Fourth  of  July,  182  i — John  Quincy 
Adams 14 

THE  UNITED  STATES  A  BULWARK  FOR  ALL  AMER- 
ICA AGAINST  EUROPEAN  AGGRESSION  TO- 
WARD THE  WESTERN  HEMISPHERE.  Another 
Excerpt  from  Senor  Triana's  Letter  to  the  Colom- 
bian President — Santiago  Perez  Triana 15 

[7] 


THE  JOURNAL  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

UNDERSTANDING  OF  NATIONAL  IDEALS  A  BASIC 
ELEMENT  OF  INTERNATIONAL  FRIENDSHIP. 
From  an  Address  Delivered  at  a  Luncheon  of  the 
Members'  Council  of  the  Merchants'  Association, 
New  York,  May  13,  19 15,  at  Which  the  Latin- Ameri- 
can Delegates  to  the  Pan-American  Financial  Con- 
ference WERE  Guests — Frank  A.  Vanderlip,  President  of 
The  National  City  Bank,  New  York 16 

THE  "DEVIL'S  NOSE,"  ZIGZAGGED  BY  THE  GUAYA- 
QUIL AND  QUITO  RAILROAD,  ECUADOR 17 

ESCOLA   NACIONAL   DE   BELLAS   ARTES,    RIO    DE 

JANEIRO,  BRAZIL   20 

NATIONAL  CONGRESS,  SANTIAGO,  CHILE 21 

MAIQUETIA,   VENEZUELA,    WITH    LA    GUAIRA   IN 

THE  DISTANCE  24 

THE  "PRACA  15  DE  NOVEMBRO,"  RIO  DE  JANEIRO, 

BRAZIL 25 

SECTION  OF  OUTER  WALL  OF  THE  PRE-INCAN  FOR- 
TRESS AT  CUZCO,  PERU 28 

FORTRESS  OF  SACSAHUAMAN,  CUZCO,  PERU.    One 

of  the  Most  Imposing  of  Pre-Incan  Ruins 29 

''SUBURBS  OF  HEREDIA,"  HEREDIA,  COSTA  RICA. 
This  picture,  by  Don  Armando  Cespedes,  was  given 
THE  First  Prize  by  the  Athenaeum  of  Costa  Rica  ....         32 

INTERNATIONAL  CO-OPERATION  IN  THE  WEST- 
ERN HEMISPHERE— Frank  Allaben 33 

LETTER  TO  THE  DIRECTOR  GENERAL  OF  THE  PAN- 
AMERICAN  UNION  FROM  THE  EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 
OF  THE  JOURNAL  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 37 

THE  HONORABLE  FRANCIS  J.  YANES,  ASSISTANT 
DIRECTOR  OF  THE  PAN-AMERICAN  UNION,  TO 
THE   EDITOR-IN-CHIEF  OF  THE  JOURNAL   OF 

AMERICAN  HISTORY og 

[8] 


TABLE  OF   CONTENTS 

PROPOSAL  TO  MAKE  THE  PANAMA-PACIFIC  INTER- 
NATIONAL EXPOSITION  A  CENTRE  OF  CO- 
OPERATION BETWEEN  NORTH  AND  SOUTH 
AMERICA    40 

MAY   THERE    NOT    BE   CO-OPERATION    BETWEEN 

THE  PEOPLES  OF  THIS  HEMISPHERE? 42 

RESPONSE  OF  THE  DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF  OF  THE 
PANAMA-PACIFIC  INTERNATIONAL  EXPOSI- 
TION          44 

SYMPATHETIC  RESPONSE  FROM  THE  PRESIDENT 
OF  CUBA  TO  THE  PLAN  OF  ALL-AMERICAN  CO- 
OPERATION         46 

A  CELEBRATION  OF  PEACE  AND  AMITY  BETWEEN 
ALL  THE  NATIONS  ON  THE  WESTERN  CONTI- 
NENT— His  Excellency,  Edward  F.  Dunne,  Governor  of 
Illinois    47 

EXTENSION  OF  THE  PRINCIPLE  OF  ARBITRATION 
TO  BE  RESULT  OF  THE  EUROPEAN  WAR— His 
Excellency,  Simeon  E.  Baldwin,  Governor  of  Connecticut .  .       48 

THE  PLAZA  MURILLO,  LA  PAZ,  BOLIVIA 49 

HARBOR  OF  PORT  AU  PRINCE,  HAITI 52 

CUSTOM  HOUSE,  PORT  AU  PRINCE,  HAITI 53 

WEST  WALL  OF  THE  KALASASAYA  PALACE,  PRE- 

INCA  RUINS  OF  TIAHUANACU,  BOLIVIA 56 

DETAIL  OF  MONOLITHIC  IDOL,  RUINS  OF  TIA- 
HUANACU        57 

A  HUT  IN  MODERN  TIAHUANACU.  In  the  Village  of 
TiAHUANAcu  Are  Huts  with  Thatched  Roofs  Whose 
Entrances  Are  Formed  by  Stones  Which  Once 
Formed  Parts  of  the  Ancient  Ruins  of  the  Prehis- 
toric City '. 60 

CORRIDOR  OF  THE  CENTRAL  POST-OFFICE,  CITY 

OF  MEXICO 61 

MAXIMILIAN'S    STATE    COACH.      Preserved    in    the 

National  Museum,  City  of  Mexico 61 

[9] 


THE  JOURNAL  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

PALACE  OF  FINE  ARTS,  SANTIAGO  DE  CHILE 6,4 

THE  WAR  IN  EUROPE  SHOULD  SERVE  TO  UNITE 
THE  AMERICAN  PEOPLES— His  Excellency,  Samuel 
V.  Stewart,  Governor  of  Montana 65 

COMMERCIAL  GREED  A  DANGER  GREAT  AS  WAR— 

His  Excellency,  L.  E.  Pinkham,  Governor  of  Hawaii ....       67 

AN  OPPORTUNITY  FOR  THE  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS 
TO  FRATERNIZE  IN  THE  TRUE  SPIRIT  OF  LIB- 
ERTY, JUSTICE,  AND  PEACE— The  Honorable  John 
H.  Small,  United  States  Congressman  from  North  Carolina       68 

SENATOR  BRISTOW'S  OPINION 69 

TAXATION  REFORM  AS  A  PREVENTIVE  OF  WAR— 
The  Honorable  Warren  Worth  Bailey,  United  States  Con- 
gressman from  Pennsylvania 70 

A  LETTER  FROM  SENATOR  CUMMINS 72 

NEW  WORLD  VICTORIES  OF  PEACE— The  Honorable 

Henry  T.  Rainey,  United  States  Congressman  from  Illinois       73 

THE   PAN-AMERICAN   FINANCIAL   CONFERENCE— 

Mabel  Thacher  Rosemary  Washburn 75 

AMERICA  FOR  AMERICANS.  A  Splendid  Exposition 
OF  THE  Real  Meaning  and  the  Present  Necessity  of 
Maintaining  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  Delivered  Before 
THE  Pan-American  Financial  Conference — The  Hon- 
orable Santiago  Perez  Triana,  Chairman  of  the  Delegation 
from  Colombia  to  the  Pan-American  Financial  Conference       79 

AN  INTERNATIONAL  SUPREME  COURT  FOR  THE 
WESTERN  HEMISPHERE.  An  Open  Letter  to  the 
Delegates  to  the  Pan-American  Financial  Confer- 
ence AT  Washington  from  the  President  of  the 
National  Historical  Society — Frank  Allaben 84 

THE  COURTEOUS  REPLY  OF  THE  CHILEAN  DELE- 
GATES          87 

THE  GOAL  OF  PAN-AMERICAN  SOLIDARITY.  The 
Conference  a  Part  of  the  Great  International  Mis- 
sion OF  THE  American  Republics,  as  Outlined  in  the 
Speech  of  the  Secretary-General — L.  S.  Rowe,  LL.  D.      88 

[10] 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PRACTICAL  RESULTS  OF  THE  PAN-AMERICAN  FI- 
NANCIAL CONFERENCE 90 

AVENIDA  RIO  BRANCO,  RIO  DE  JANEIRO 97 

PITPANS,  OR  NATIVE  CANOES,  OF  GUATEMALA. ...     100 

THE  GRENADIERS  OF  SAN  MARTIN  PASSING 
THROUGH  THE  STREETS  OF  BOULOGNE-SUR- 
MER.  Sent  by  the  Argentine  Republic  to  represent 
THE  Army,  at  the  Unveiling  of  a  Statue  to  General 
San  Martin,  Who  Himself  Founded  This  Regiment.  .     lOt 

IN  THE  MUSEO  GOELDI,  PARA,  BRAZIL.     A  corner 

OF  THE  Room  Devoted  to  Amazonian  Archaeology.  . . .     104 

PICKING  CACAO  PODS,  SANTO  DOMINGO 105 

A  SKY-SCRAPER  IN  BUENOS  AYRES,  SAID  TO  BE 

THE  FIRST  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA 108 

STATUE  OF  MURILLO,  THE  PATRIOT  LEADER,  AT 

LA  PAZ,  BOLIVIA 109 

BOAT  CLUBS  ON  THE  TIGRE  RIVER,  NEAR  BUENOS 

AYRES  112 

THE  WORK  OF  THE  PAN-AMERICAN   FINANCIAL 

CONGRESS — The  Honorable  John  Bassett  Moore 113 

LATIN-AMERICA'S  INVITATION  TO  THE  BUSINESS 

MEN  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 119 

THE  PERSONNEL  OF  THE  PAN-AMERICAN  FINAN- 
CIAL CONFERENCE 120 

THE  WAR  SYSTEM  OF  THE  COMMONWEALTH  OF 
NATIONS.  From  an  Address  Delivered  Before  the 
American  P^ace  Society,  at  Boston,  1849 — Charles 
Sumner 127 


[II] 


i 


'^^«2^?S>s^l' 


UnrJirJi  SIfttrr,  iKrttt^it  ta  1914  bg  ^tnar  ©riana  to 
Pr^BtJif ttt  0f  tJyr  SFpubltr  of  Olalnmbta 

HE  PRESENT  European  war  transcends. 
IN  magnitude  and  disastrous  possi- 
bilities, ALL  THE  wars  WITHIN  HUMAN 

MEMORY.  From  the  start  it  under- 
mined THE  MORAL  TEMPERAMENT  OF  NA- 
TIONS AND  FUNDAMENTALLY  DERANGED 
SOCIAL,  INDUSTRIAL,  AND  ECONOMIC  HAR- 
MONY.   Moreover,  it  is  bringing  to  the  surface  traits 

OF   BARBARISM   AND    CRUELTY   WHICH    ARE   INCREDIBLE   IN 

THE  Twentieth  Century  of  the  Christian  Era.    Law 

HAVING  been  swept  AWAY  ALL  OVER  EUROPE,  THAT  CON- 
TINENT IS  TO-DAY  RULED  ENTIRELY  BY  MARTIAL  LAW,  THAT 
IS,  BY  THE  ABSENCE  OF  ALL  LAW  AND  THE  SUPREMACY  OF 
THE  soldier's  JUDGMENT,  WHICH  IS  GOVERNED  ONLY  BY 
THE  NECESSITIES  OF  WAR.      ThUS  EuROPE  IS  UNDER  THE 

rule  of  barbarism. 

This  is  the  culmination  of  the  European  sys- 
tem OF  the  balance  of  power.  The  two  groups  of 
European  powers  which  were  disputing  the  do- 
minion OF  THE  WORLD,  AND  WHICH  FOR  THE  LAST  FORTY 

years so-called  years  of  peace have  waged  inces- 
sant predatory  wars  of  conquest  in  the  eastern 
Hemisphere,  have  been  dragged  by  the  inevitable 
fatality  of  the  system  to  the  terrible  collision  of 
one  group  against  the  other. 

Europe  has  traveled  along  the  road  to  catas- 
trophe WITH    HER  EYES  OPEN.      EMINENT  THINKERS  OF 

ALL  THE  European  countries  .  .  .  have  been  pre- 
dicting DISASTER,  DECLARING  THAT  IS  WOULD  INEVITABLY 
TAKE  THE  FORM  EITHER  OF  INTERNAL  SOCIAL  REVOLUTION 
IN  THE  VARIOUS  COUNTRIES  OR  OF  WAR  BETWEEN 
THE  VARIOUS  NATIONS.  SOCIAL  REVOLUTION,  THEY 
SAID,  WOULD  COME  AS  SOON  AS  THE  MASSES,  STRANGLED  BY 
TAXES  RISING  LIKE  AN  IRRESISTIBLE  TIDE,  WITHOUT  HOPE 
OF  REDEMPTION  AND   INCAPABLE  OF  FURTHER  SUFFERING, 

SHOULD  RESORT  TO  VIOLENCE.      FOREIGN  WAR      ...      

THE     OTHER    HORN     OF    THE    DILEMMA THEY     DECLARED 

WOULD  BE  CHOSEN  AS  A  MEANS AN  OLD  ONE  IN  HISTORY 

FOR  DISCREDITED  AND  DYING  SYSTEMS  TO  PROLONG  THEIR 

DECAYING     PREDOMINANCE.        ThIS     LAST     IS     WHAr    HAS 

OCCURRED. — Santiago  Perez  Triana. 


l^n^fit  0f  mankind? 

3xam  un  Mhtms  Mv^t  at  Maaljtttgtxin,  nn  tl\t 

RIENDS  AND  Countrymen,  if  the  wise 
AND    Learned    Philosophers    of    the 

OLDEN  world INQUIRE,  WHAT 

HAS  America  done  for  the  benefit  of 
mankind,  let  our  answer  be  this — 
America,  with  the  same  voice  which 
spoke  herself  into  existence  as  a  na- 
tion, proclaimed  to  mankind  the  inextinguishable 
rights   of   human   nature,   and   the   only   lawful 
foundations  of  government. 

America,  in  the  assembly  of  nations,  since  her 

ADMISSION  among  THEM,  HAS  INVARIABLY,  THOUGH 
OFTEN  FRUITLESSLY,  HELD  FORTH  TO  THEM  THE  HAND  OF 
HONEST  FRIENDSHIP,  OF  EQUAL  FREEDOM,  OF  GENEROUS 
RECIPROCITY.  She  HAS  UNIFORMLY  SPOKEN  AMONG 
THEM,  THOUGH  OFTEN  TO  HEEDLESS  AND  OFTEN  TO  DIS- 
DAINFUL EARS,  THE  LANGUAGE  OF  EQUAL  LIBERTY,  EQUAL 

JUSTICE,  AND  EQUAL  RIGHTS 

She  HAS  SEEN  THAT,  PROBABLY  FOR  CENTURIES  TO 
COME,  ALL  THE  CONTESTS  OF  THAT  AcELDAMA,  THE  EURO- 
PEAN World,  will  be  contests  between  inveterate 

POWER  AND  EMERGING  RIGHT.  WhEREVER  THE  STANDARD 
OF  FREEDOM  AND  INDEPENDENCE  HAS  BEEN  OR  SHALL  BE 
UNFURLED,   THERE  WILL   HER   HEART,    HER   BENEDICTIONS, 

AND  HER  PRAYERS  BE. — John  Quificy  Adams. 


WiiitQPSrii-m^ 


Slf^  T&nxUh  ^MtB  a  lultuark  for  All 

Am^rira  AgmuBt  lEurnp^an  Aggrj^a- 

t0tt  5[omar&  tlj^  W^Btern 

ll^tntHplf^r^ 

Awrtli^r  lExarpt  from  #rttor  ®rta«a*a  ICrtt^r  tn  tij? 
OInlnmhtan  jp^^^i^^wt 

HE    WARS    OF    CONQUEST    WAGED    BY    EURO- 
PEAN Powers  during  the  last  forty 

YEARS,  IN  WHICH  NO  PART  OF  THE  WORLD 
HAS  BEEN  SUFFICIENTLY  REMOTE,  ARID,  OR 
UNHEALTHY  TO  BE  ADJUDGED  UNWORTHY 
OF  SEIZURE,  JUSTIFY  THE  ASSERTION  THAT, 
HAD  IT  BEEN  POSSIBLE  TO  CARRY  OUT  SUCH 
CONQUESTS    IN    AMERICA,    THAT    PART    OF    AMERICA    OPEN 
TO  CONQUEST  WOULD  HAVE  BEEN  CONQUERED.     ThIS  ASSER- 
TION   GAINS    WEIGHT    FROM    THE    FACT    THAT    ON    VARIOUS 

OCCASIONS  European  Powers  have  attempted  the  con- 
quest OF  American  territory  in  one  form  or  an- 
other  

Some  assert  that  the  countries  of  Latin-Amer- 
ica are  self-sufficient  for  defense,  so  that  any  de- 
fense FROM   OUTSIDE   WOULD  BE   SUPERFLUOUS 

How  COULD  A  Latin  American  country  or  group  of 

COUNTRIES     RESIST     A     TRIUMPHANT     KaISER     OR     CZAR? 


That  European  conquerors  have  not  invaded 
America  in  the  past,  that  they  will  not  in  future, 
may  be  attributed  entirely  to  the  potential  power 
OF  THE  United  States,  which,  should  need  arise, 

WOULD  ARRAY  MILLIONS  QF  SOLDIERS,  AND  DO  IT  WITHOUT 
HAVING     TO     TRANSPORT     THEM     ACROSS     THOUSANDS     OF 

LEAGUES  OF  WATER. — Santiago  Peres  Triana. 


InJu^rBtanimg  nf  National  Mml^  a  laatr 
lEbm^nt  nf  Jnternattnnal  Jwttialjtp 

Jrom  m  Ahhn&si  ^timtrth  at  a  ICuttrlywtt  nf  %  ^^mb^ra* 

Qlounnl  af  %  iierrlyantH'  AfiBonattott,  ^tm  fork. 

^ag  13,  i915,  at  1il|trl|  tijf?  Ilattti  Ammran  Mf- 

5at?0  tn  tljp  Patt  Am^nran  Jtnaturial  (Han- 

Uvmn  WtvB  ^u^sta 

Inder  ordinary  conditions  in  the  world's 
affairs,  such  a  gathering  would  be 
noteworthy,  but  ordinary  conditions 

DO    NOT   EXIST    IN   THE    WORLD's   AFFAIRS. 

Instead,  we  are  facing  the  most  ex- 
traordinary CONDITIONS  THAT  HAVE 
PREVAILED  IN  MODERN  TIMES.  ThE  ESPE- 
CIALLY SIGNIFICANT  ASPECT  OF  THIS  OCCASION  SEEMS  TO 
ME,  THEREFORE,  TO  LIE  IN  THE  FACT  THAT,  WHILE  HALF 
THE  CIVILIZED  WORLD  IS  IN  THE  DEATH  GRIP  OF  THE  MOST 
GIGANTIC  COMBAT  IN  ALL  HISTORY,  THESE  REPRESENTATIVE 
MEN  ARE  COMING  TOGETHER  FOR  SYMPATHETIC,  FRIENDLY, 
SOBER  CONFERENCE,  THE  OBJECT  OF  WHICH  IS  CLOSER  NA- 
TIONAL RELATIONSHIPS.  ThEY  ARE  COMING  TOGETHER 
THAT  THERE  MAY  BE  A  BETTER  UNDERSTANDING  BETWEEN 
THEIR    COUNTRIES.       ThEY    ARE    COMING   TOGETHER   WITH 

the  hope  that  better  understanding  will  lead  to  a 
reciprocal  interest  in  the  commercial  affairs  of 
these  countries  which  shall  be  of  mutual  advan- 
tage in  the  life  of  their  peoples. 

Nothing  can  so  fully  develop  and  cement  inter- 
national UNDERSTANDINGS  AND  FRIENDSHIPS  AS  A  TRUE 

APPRECIATION    OF    NATIONAL    IDEALS I    WANT    TO 

SAY  TO  YOU  REPRESENTATIVES  OF  THE  OTHER  NATIONS  OF 

THIS  Hemisphere,  that  you  have  come  to  us  at  a  time 
that  offers  you  an  opportunity  to  obtain  an  almost 
flashlight  revelation  of  our  national  character. 
The  soul  and  conscience  of  the  nation  are  being 
laid  bare.  you  may  in  these  days  learn  more  of  our 
true  national  character  than  you  could  ever  have 

had  an  opportunity  to  learn  before you 

will  be  able  to  learn  what  sort  of  fibre  we  have  for 
such  responsibility  and  duties  as  are  ours  for  guard- 
ING THE  PEACE  OF  THIS  HEMISPHERE.  We  ARE  A  DIF- 
FERENT people;  but,  if  we  demonstrate  that  we  REC- 
OGNIZE CLEARLY  WHAT  SHOULD  BE  THE  COURSE  OF  ACTION 
AND  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  HONOR  TO  WHICH  A  NATION 
SOLEMNLY  AND  DEEPLY  PLEDGED  TO  PEACE  OUGHT  TO  AD- 
HERE,  WE  WILL  BE  LAYING  A  FOUNDATION   UPON   WHICH 

FIRMLY  TO  BUILD  A  UNITED  Americas. — Frank  A.  Vofi- 
derlip,  President  of  The  National  City  Bank,  New  York. 


l*9t     ■IlillglJM  III 


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VOLUME  IX  IKWcVi^p  NUMBER  1 

NINETEEN  FIFTEEN  'vMHiMSF  ,  FIRST  QUARTER 


Wmtttn  ^tmxBpiint 

BY 

FRANK  ALLABEN 

Editor-in-Chief,  The  Journal  of  American  History 

HE  Pan-American  Financial  Conference,  held  in  Wash- 
ington May  24  to  29,  191 5,  has  inaugurated  a  new 
epoch  in  the  relations  of  the  twenty-one  Republics  in 
the  Western  Hemisphere;  and  in  this  sympaj;hetic 
drawing  together  and  co-operation  of  so  many  free 
peoples  we  find  at  least  one  great  blessing  growing 
out  of  the  present  fearful  war  in  Europe.  With  the 
breaking  out  of  that  war  the  feeling  that  the  Republics  of  the  West 
should  seek  to  unite  their  interests  and  support  one  another  was  no 
doubt  instinctive  in  thousands  of  American  hearts.  In  some  cases 
this  found  almost  instant  expression,  a  vague  groping  after  the  right 
thing  to  do. 

This  feeling  was  a  burden  upon  the  Editor-in-Chief  of  The  Jour- 

[33] 


m:ii^w^-Mm 


/ 


THE  JOURNAL  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

NAL  OF  American  History,  and,  with  the  hearty  approval  of  other 
members  of  the  staff,  about  ten  days  after  the  declarations  of  war 
by  the  principal  European  nations  he  sent  out  a  letter  to  the  Presidents 
of  all  the  American  Republics,  and  to  our  United  States  Cabinet  Offi- 
cers, Senators,  Representatives,  and  Governors,  suggesting  a  drawing 
together  of  the  peoples  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  and  some  form  of 
co-operative  action.  As  this  effort  may  be  typical  of  others  made  then 
or  since,  the  letter  sent  is  reproduced  here,  together  with  some  of  the 
replies  received.  It  will  be  seen  from  some  of  these  responses,  as  it 
was  still  more  evident  from  many  others,  that  most  minds  were  dazed 
and  stunned  by  the  war-catastrophe.  It  required  time  to  learn  what 
our  real  needs  were  and  what  form  our  co-operation  should  take.  A 
suggestion  that  the  Exposition  at  San  Francisco  be  made  a  rallying- 
centre  for  the  American  Republics  appealed  strongly  to  the  Exposition 
managers.  Had  this  been  taken  up  vigorously  it  is  quite  possible,  as 
we  suggested,  that  a  visit  to  the  Pacific  Coast  by  Americans  during 
191 5  might  have  assumed  the  character  of  a  patriotic  pilgrimage  and 
duty,  instead  of  being  merely  a  pleasure  trip,  thus  realizing  a  much 
greater  financial  success  than  now  appears  possible.  But  evidently  no 
one  had  the  imagination  to  organize  such  a  movement. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  reply  of  Assistant  Director  Hon.  Fran- 
cisco J.  Yanes  to  a  letter  to  Hon.  John  Barrett,  Director-General  of 
the  Pan  American  Union,  made  it  apparent  that  that  splendid'organi- 
zation  was  alert,  as  ever,  to  serve  all  the  American  nations  in  the  war 
emergency.  These  letters  are  here  given,  as  well  as  an  exchange  of 
correspondence  with  the  Director-in-Chief  of  the  Panama-Pacific 
Exposition. 

What  other  proposals  along  these  lines  were  made  we  do  not 
know,  but  the  first  official  suggestions  for  conference  and  co-opera- 
tion were  made  public  about  November  26,  19 14,  the  initiative  being 
taken  by  several  of  the  South  American  governments  through  their 
ambassadors  at  Washington.  According  to  press  notices  sent  out  at 
that  time  representations  were  made  to  the  Washington  Government 
by  Argentina,  Chile,  Peru,  and  Uruguay,  embodying  the  following 
proposals : 

I — The  establishment  of  neutral  zones  on  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  coasts  of  North  and  South  America  within  which  the  bel- 
ligerents shall  be  asked  to  agree  not  to  engage  in  hostilities  or  inter- 
fere with  commercial  vessels.  A  meridian  would  be  designated  as 
the  limit  in  each  case. 

[34] 


INTERNATIONAL  CO-OPERATION   IN  THE  WESTERN   HEMISPHERE 

2 — The  convocation  of  a  general  conference  of  diplomatic  repre- 
sentatives and  commercial  delegates  of  all  the  countries  of  this  hemi- 
sphere, with  power  to  vote  on  steps  which  can  be  taken  to  protect 
and  restore  Pan-American  trade. 

3 — The  appointment  by  the  Pan-American  Union  of  a  commis- 
sion to  recommend  steps  that  would  remove  dangers  to  Pan-American 
trade. 

4 — Prohibition  by  all  nations  of  the  two  Americas  of  the 
privilege  hitherto  exercised  by  the  belligerents  of  coaling  in  neutral 
ports,  or  the  issuance  of  only  a  sufficient  quantity  of  coal  to  enable 
a  belligerent  vessel  to  reach  the  nearest  port  of  another  country. 

In  an  editorial,  "One  Hemisphere  to  the  Other,"  the  New  York 
World  of  November  28  said:  "Whether  it  is  possible  to  localize  the 
war  or  not,  the  Latin- American  suggestion  that  a  conference  of  na- 
tions on  this  hemisphere  be  held  is  a  good  one.  All  have  suffered  se- 
verely in  their  finance  and  commerce,  and  all  have  had  to  meet  many 
vexatious  questions  of  neutrality.  Hardly  an  issue  of  any  kind  can  be 
imagined  involving  more  closely  the  interests  of  all  the  peoples  of  the 
two  Americas.    With  identical  problems  to  solve,  no  harm  and  much 

good  would  be  likely  to  result  from  such  a  convocation Torn  by 

war,  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  could  not  fail  to  give  a  respectful  hear- 
ing to  the  Western  united  in  behalf  of  peace  and  civilization." 

A  little  later,  on  December  9,  19 14,  a  special  commission  was 
appointed  at  a  meeting  of  the  governing  board  of  the  Pan-American 
Union,  in  Washington,  under  a  resolution  introduced  by  Ambassador 
Naon  of  Argentina,  in  part  as  follows:  "A  special  commission  is 
hereby,  appointed  to  consist  of  nine  members,  of  which  the  Secretary 
of  State  of  the  United  States  shall  form  part,  acting  as  chairman  there- 
of ex  officio. 

"This  commission  shall  study  the  problems  presented  by  the  pres- 
ent European  war  and  shall  submit  to  the  governing  body  the  events 
it  may  deem  of  common  interest." 

But  something  more  was  required,  and  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  upon  the  hearty  recommendation  of 
President  Wilson,  Congress  by  a  special  act  authorized  the  issuing  of 
invitations  to  all  the  Republics  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  to  send 
delegates  to  a  Pan  American  Financial  Conference  in  Washington 
for  the  week,  May  24-29,  an  appropriation  being  made  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  visiting  delegations  as  the  guests  of  the  United  States. 

An  account  of  the  Conference  is  given,  following  the  letters 
above-mentioned.     The   necessity   for   co-operation  throughout   the 

[35] 


THE  JOURNAL  OF  AMERICAN   HISTORY 

Western  Hemisphere  toward  a  common  defense  against  foreign  ag- 
gression was  emphasized  by  Mr.  Santiago  Perez  Triana  in  an  elequent 
address,  which  is  given  in  this  Number  of  The  Journal  of  American 
History,  as  is  also  an  outline  of  a  plan  for  co-operation  of  the  Ameri- 
can Republics  in  creating  a  supreme  international  tribunal,  communi- 
cated by  the  Editor  of  The  Journal  of  American  History  in  an 
open  letter  to  the  delegates. 


[36] 


I 


^HtH  to  tl|0  itr^rtor  Ol^n^ral  of  t\\t 

pan-Ammran  Union  from  % 

iEittor-tn-Orijtff  of  ®Ij? 

Sfonmal  of  Ammran 

IftHtorg 

August  13,  1914. 
The  Honorable  John  Barrett, 

Director  General,  Pan  American  Union, 
W3.shington,  D.  C. 
Dear  Sir: 

TRUST  success  will  crown  your  efforts  to  arouse  the 
United  States  to  grasp  the  opportunity  Providence 
offers  for  mutual  commercial  service  between  the 
Americas.  The  present  emergency  seems  to  require 
some  improvised  medium  of  exchange  to  enable  the 
business  houses  of  the  two  continents  to  begin  im- 
mediate correspondence  to  learn  the  needs  and  pos- 
sibilities of  supply  and  demand.  While  the  National  City  Bank  here 
only  awaits  the  operation  of  our  new  banking  law  to  establish  branch 
banks  in  South  America,  and  while  the  new  ship-registry  law  would 
open  the  way  for  American  capital  to  invest  in  American  shipping,  it 
will  yet  require  much  time  for  individual  business  houses  to  investigate 
the  South  American  markets  to  discover  openings  for  business. 

Can  this  process  be  expedited?  Can  the  Pan  American  Union 
act  as  a  sort  of  emergency  clearing-house  for  information  ? 

For  example,  could  South  American  Governments  invite  their 
business  houses  to  register  general  statements  of  their  requirements, 
while  business  houses  here  file  their  catalogues,  or  furnish  editions  for 
distribution  in  South  America? 

These  catalogues  being  now  mostly  in  English,  might  serve  for 
compiling,  in  Spanish  and  Portuguese,  descriptive  directories  of  repu- 
table United  States  manufacturers  and  dealers,  with  their  lines,  with 
similar  lists  in  English  of  South  American  importers  for  distribution 
here. 

I  shall  be  glad  to  learn  what  may  be  done  toward  this  end. 

Very  truly  yours, 

Frank  Allaben. 

[37] 


AaatBtant  itr^rtor  nf  t\\t  f  a«- 

Ammmn  Intott,  to  tlj?  lEittor- 

ttt-CII|t^f  of  ®ij0  ioitrttal  0f 

Ammran  lltatorg 


Dear  Sir: 


PAN-AMERICAN  UNION 

Washington,  D.  C. 
August  25,  19 14. 


[N  THE  absence  of  Director-General  Barrett,  I  have 
to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  esteemed  note  of 
August  13.  Pressure  of  business  due  to  the  over- 
whelming mail  received  at  this  office  in  reference  to 
the  Latin-America  situation,  has  prevented  my 
answering  before. 

The  Pan  American  Union  is  doing  everything 
in  its  power  to  promote  friendly  and  commercial  intercourse  between 
the  United  States  and  the  Latin-American  republics.  That  it  is  al- 
ready an  "emergency  clearing-house  for  information"  is  shown  by 
the  enormous  number  of  inquiries  constantly  being  received  and 
answered  regarding  those  countries.  I  think,  however,  it  is  something 
more  than  an  emergency  clearing-house,  and  that  it  does  permanent 
service  in  supplying  commercial  information. 

Your  suggestion  that  South  American  governments  invite  their 
business  houses  to  register  general  statements  of  their  requirements 
and  that  business  houses  here  file  their  catalogues  or  furnish  editions 
for  distribution  in  South  America,  has  been  noted. 

South  American  imports  cover  practically  the  whole  range  of 
human  wants  and  needs,  because  the  South  American  republics,  gener- 

[38] 


REPLY  OF  THE  PAN-AMERICAN  UNION 

ally  Speaking,  are  not  manufacturing  countries.     They  want  practi- 
cally everything  that  we  want  and  they  import,  at  least  in  finished 
articles,  just  as  many  kinds  of  things  as  we  import,  and  a  great  many 
more  which  we  produce  and  therefore  do  not  import. 
Thanking  you  for  your  letter  and  suggestion,  I  am 

Tour 8  very  truly. 


Acting  Director  General • 


Mr.  Frank  Allaben, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 


[39] 


Jltit^rttatUmal  lExirnfitttfltt  a  (Hmtx^ 

of  OIo-np?ratum  MHmtm  Nnrtly 

anli  ^otttli  Amrrlra 

New  York,  15  August,  19 14. 
The  Executive  Committee, 

Panama- Pacific  International  Exposition, 
San  Francisco,  California. 
Gentlemen : 

ENCLOSE  the  substance  of  a  letter  which  has  just 
been  transmitted  to  the  Presidents  of  all  the  Republics 
in  Central  and  South  America.  A  similar  communica- 
tion will  also  be  sent,  with  requests  for  response,  to 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  members  of  the 
Cabinet,  Senators,  Congressmen,  Governors,  etc. 

Will  your  Committee,  if  you  approve  of  the  sug- 
gestions made,  please  send  me  as  promptly  as  possible  some  state- 
ment indicating  ways  and  means  whereby  the  Exposition  at  San  Fran- 
cisco may  be  made  a  centre  of  co-operation  between  North  and  South 
America  ? 

The  principal  European  Nations,  which  declined  to  participate 
in  this  Exposition,  are  now  engaged  in  the  most  gigantic  war  in  human 
history.  The  Exposition  represents,  not  war,  but  the  progress  of 
peace ;  and,  held  in  the  Western  Hemisphere,  while  Europe  is  gripped 
in  a  death-struggle  of  conflicting  ambitions,  it  becomes  typical  of  the 
better  aspirations  of  the  free  and  peaceful  Nations  of  America. 

If  this  idea  can  be  taken  up  energetically  and  sown  in  hearts  and 
imaginations  throughout  North  and  South  America,  will  it  not  make  a 
pilgrimage  to  San  Francisco  in  191 5  not  merely  a  recreation  and 
pleasure,  but  a  sacred  patriotic  duty?     Let  the  free  peoples  of  the 

[40] 


THE  EXPOSITION  A  CENTRE  OF  AMERICAN  CO-OPERATION 

New  World  be  summoned  to  go  up  to  San  Francisco  in  191 5  in  protest 
against  war  and  aggression  and  in  approval  of  peace  and  righteous- 
ness. Very  truly  yours, 

Frank  Allaben. 
Editor-in-Chief,  The  Journal  of  American  History. 

g^upplrmi^tttarg  Qlommumratton  to  %  Sx^ruttw 
Jnternattnital  SxpoBittott 

August  17,  19 14. 
Gentlemen : 

I  sent  you  a  copy  of  a  letter  sent  by  The  Journal  of  American 
History  to  the  Presidents  of  the  Central  and  South  American  Re- 
publics, and  which  is  now  being  sent  to  the  public  men  of  this  country; 
and  requested  some  expression  from  you  which  could  be  used  to 
further  the  patriotic  idea  of  making  the  Exposition  an  expression  of 
unity  and  good  fellowship  between  North  and  South  America. 

I  herewith  enclose  the  substance  of  a  letter  sent  several  days  ago 
to  the  Honorable  John  Barrett,  Director-General  of  the  Pan  American 
Union.  This  letter  explains  itself;  but  it  occurs  to  me  that  the  idea 
of  a  clearing-house  for  exchange  of  information  to  establish  better 
trade  relations  between  North  and  South  America  might  be  made  a 
very  effective  and  popular  and  permanently  valuable  feature  of  the 
Exposition. 

Of  course  the  exhibits,  with  men  in  charge  and  literature  for  dis- 
tribution, would  serve  in  this  direction.  But  cannot  some  definite 
place  and  system  of  record  and  exchange  of  needs,  commercial  and 
financial,  be  provided  and  kept  in  operation  while  the  Exposition  re- 
mains open?  And  cannot  this  be  made  known  as  a  valuable  feature 
for  the  business  men  of  the  Western  Hemisphere? 

Very  truly  yours, 

Frank  Allaben. 


[41] 


Mw$  ^l^nt  Not  1?  (to-aptmtmn  Mt 
Xmnn  %  pMpl^H  of  W^m 

^«0g?«ttott0  to  SIjtH  lExih  M^t  to  ii? «  ©tattttgolali^b  to  tt|f  Jobltr 

Sltff  of  ttjf  Inttrli  ^tat^a,  anb  to  tl|^  jprrfiiiptttBi  of  tly?  ©antral  aoli 

^outI|  Am^nratt  Urpubltra,  bg  tly^  ?EJiitor-tn-OIJytf f  of  ©tj?  Soorttal 

of  Amrrtrao  ijtatonj,  AugoBt  15,  1914 


€^«2*^*J# 


HE  cause  of  permanent  international  peace  and  right- 
eousness throughout  the  Western  Hemisphere  had 
just  been  powerfully  advanced  by  the  success  of  the 
joint-efforts  of  the  United  States,  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, Brazil,  and  Chile,  in  behalf  of  afflicted  Mex- 
ico, when  the  whole  world  was  shocked  by  the  opposite 
phenomenon  across  the  Atlantic  of  a  conflagration 
of  war,  involving  the  greater  part  of  Europe.  This  fearful  world- 
disturbance  necessarily  throws  the  peaceful  Nations  of  the  New 
World  upon  their  own  resources  and  into  closer  co-operation  with  one 
another.  In  order  that  some  good  may  be  gathered  out  of  this  calam- 
ity, not  by  commercial  interchange  alone,  but  in  lasting  moral  and 
spiritual  benefit,  may  there  not  be  co-operation  between  the  peoples 
of  this  Hemisphere  in  some  or  all  of  the  following  ways? 

1.  By  a  joint-expression  of  the  great  sorrow  of  the  peoples  of 
the  Western  Hemisphere  over  the  calamity  which  has  fallen  upon  the 
peoples  of  Europe  and  indirectly  upon  the  peoples  of  the  whole  world. 

2.  By  a  joint-expression  of  the  hope  that  the  powers  of  Europe 
will  consider  the  earnest  desire  of  their  brethren  in  the  West  to  serve 
them  through  mediation  and  to  render  such  service  toward  alleviation 
of  the  distresses  of  war  as  lies  within  the  power  of  neutrals. 

3.  By  a  joint-expression  of  profound  conviction  that  no  spirit 
of  aggression,  no  coveting  of  territory,  and  no  race  antipathy  should 
be  permitted  ever  to  whet  the  swords  of  the  free  peoples  of  the  New 
World  against  one  another. 

[42] 


CO-OPERATION    IN   THE  WESTERN   HEMISPHERE 

4.  By  general  co-operation  in  turning  the  present  period  of  ex- 
clusion of  Americans  from  Europe  into  a  time  of  special  international 
travel  and  intercourse  between  the  Nations  of  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere,— a  time  of  "seeing  the  Americas"  and  seeking  a  better  ac- 
quaintance and  understanding  with  all  our  New  World  neighbors. 

In  view  of  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  at  San  Francisco  in 
191 5,  with  its  remarkable  exhibits  from  all  the  American  Nations, 
and  in  view  of  the  present  necessity  of  closer  trade  relations  between 
these  Nations,  may  not  the  Nations  of  South  and  Central  America  con- 
sider themselves  in  a  special  way  the  invited  guests  of  the  United 
States  in  191 5,  and  the  United  States  consider  herself  especially  in- 
vited to  return  the  visit  of  South  and  Central  America  in  19 16? 

The  Journal  of  American  History  is  about  to  devote  a  special 
issue  to  the  historic  relations  of  North,  Central,  and  South  America, 
and  earnestly  desires  to  bring  before  the  people  of  the  United  States 
any  expression  along  the  above  lines,  or  otherwise  suggested  by  the 
present  crisis,  which  you  may  be  pleased  to  send  for  that  purpose, 
believing  that  such  a  word  from  you  will  be  of  the  greatest  service 
at  this  time. 

With  sentiments  of  deep  respect,  I  have  the  honor  to  be 

Very  truly  yours, 

Frank  Allaben_, 
Editor-in-Chief. 


[43] 


tl|?  pattama-Parifir  Jttt^nta- 

EXPOSITION  BUILDING, 

OFFICE  OF  THE  DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CALIFORNIA, 
FIRST  SEPTEMBER,   I914. 

Frank  Allaben,  Esq., 

Editor-in-Chief,  The  Journal  of  American  History, 
Number  30  East  Forty-Second  Street,  New  York. 
Dear  Sir : 

HAVE  the  honor  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  letters 
of  August  15th  and  August  17th,  together  with  the 
copies  of  letters  sent  by  you  to  the  Presidents  of  Cen- 
tral and  South  American  Republics  and  to  the  Honor- 
able John  Barrett,  Director-General  of  the  Pan  Amer- 
ican Union.  In  reply  I  desire  to  state  that  the  idea 
suggested  in  your  communication,  to-wit:  That  the 
conditions  both  moral  and  commercial  which  have  been  engendered  by 
the  present  crisis  in  Europe  be  dealt  with  at  the  Panama-Pacific  In- 
ternational Exposition,  and  that  the  steps  to  be  taken  in  view  of  said 
conditions  find  expression  at  the  Exposition,  is  a  good  one  and  is  be- 
ing given  serious  attention  by  the  Exposition  Management. 

It  is  but  fair  to  say,  however,  that  the  Exposition  has  no  funds 
at  its  disposal,  nor  is  it  likely  to  have  such  funds,  for  the  national  prop- 
aganda required  by  a  movement  such  as  you  suggest.  We  have  been 
forced  to  this  attitude  by  similar  suggestions  which  have  been  made 
by  a  considerable  number  from  over  three  hundred  organizations 
which  will  hold  conventions  in  this  city  in  191 5;  to  them  the  same 
reply  has  been  made.  Moreover  it  has  been  decided  by  us  that  no 
series  of  congresses  or  conventions  shall  be  directly  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Exposition. 

[44] 


RESPONSE  OF  THE  DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF 

We  shall  be  pleased  to  hear  further  from  you  on  this  subject  and 
shall  be  glad  to  give  consideration  to  any  suggestions  which  you  may 
have  to  make. 

Yours  respectfully. 


Dlrector-in-chief .  '  V^ — ' 


[4S] 


i>ympatiyrttr  fj^apottar  from  tlj?  Prm- 

hmt  of  Oluba  to  %  pia«  of  AU- 

Am^nratt  Olo-Cf^p^ratton 


REPUBLICA  DE  CUBA 
PRESIDENCIA 


Dear  Sir 


Havana,  Cuba, 
August  24th,  1 9 14. 


[IS  EXCELLENCY,  the  President  of  the  Republic,  di- 
rects me  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  esteemed 
favor  of  the  15th  instant,  which  he  has  read  with 
great  attention. 

His  Excellency  furthermore  requests  me  to  in- 
form you  that  your  scheme  to  obtain  the  joint  co-oper- 
ation of  the  people  of  this  Hemisphere  to  appeal  to  the 
people  of  Europe  to  end  the  war  raging  there  has  his  heartiest  sym- 
pathy and  that  he  prays  your  endeavors  may  meet  with  the  success 
they  deserve. 

With  the  assurance  of  my  most  distinguished  consideration,  I 
beg  to  remain,  dear  Sir, 

Mr.  Frank  Allaben, 
New  York. 

Yours  very  truly. 


ecrerary  to   tlie  President 


[46] 


Irtm^^tt  All  tlf?  iN^attattH  on  % 
fcat^rn  Olnnttn^nt 

By 

HIS  EXCELLENCY,  EDWARD  F.  DUNNE 

Governor  of  Illinois 


EDWARD  F.  DUNNE 

Governor 


Dear  Sir: 


August  20, 
1914. 


ANSWER  to  yours  of  the  15th  instant,  I  think  it 
would  be  wise  for  the  authorities  having  in  charge 
the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  to  do 
everything  in  their  power  towards  making  the  Ex- 
position a  celebration  of  peace  and  amity  between  all 
the  nations  on  the  western  continent.  These  nations 
at  the  present  time  are  singularly  blessed  in  that  peace 
and  amity  prevail  among  them. 

Some  general  rule  participated  in  by  all  these  nations,  having 
for  its  object  the  tender  of  their  sympathy  for  the  nations  of  Europe, 
and  their  kindly  offices  in  and  about  putting  an  end  to  the  horrible 
war  now  prevailing  in  Europe,  should  be  inagurated. 

Peace  and  arbitration  should  be  branded  into  every  demonstra- 
tion and  exhibition  held  on  the  grounds  at  San  Francisco.  I  would 
respectfully  recommend  that  the  matter  be  brought  to  the  attention  of 
the  Panama-Pacific  delegates  who  meet  monthly  at  Washington,  and 
some  effort  be  made  through  them  to  organize  this  western  world 
movement  of  peace  and  arbitration. 


Very  tru3y  yours. 


h 


Mr.  Frank  Allaben, 

The  Journal  of  American  History,  New  York. 

[47] 


^Kttmxon  at  tly?  Prmrijtl?  of  Arbt- 

tratwn  ©o  1^  IJ^ault  of  tl|? 

1E«r0p?an  liar 

By 

HIS  EXCELLENCY,  SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN 

Governor  of  Connedticut 

SIMEON  E.  BALDWIN  STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT 

Governor 

KENNETH    WYNNE  EXECUTIVE    CHAMBERS 

Executive  Secretary 

FRANK  D.   ROOD  HARTFORD 

Executive  Clerk 

August  1 8,  1 9 14. 
Mr^ Frank  Allaben,  Editor, 

The  Journal  of  American  History, 

30  East  42nd  Stfeet,  New  York. 
Dear  Sir: 

OUR  letter  of  August  15th  is  received.  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that  the  present  European  war  will  lead  in  the 
outcome  to  the  extension  of  the  principle  of  arbitra- 
tion, or  of  the  judicial  settlement  of  international 
disputes. 

You  will  find  my  views  in  these  respects  stated  in 
the  Quarterly  Bulletin  Number  17,  published  this 
month  by  the  American  Society  for  the  Judicial  Settlement  of  Inter- 
national Disputes,  at  Baltimore. 

Yours  very  truly,  - 


-x/^^ 


[48] 


WEST   WALL   OF    THE   KALASASAYA    PALACE,    PRE-INCA    KUJXS    Ol^    TIA- 

HUANACU,  BOLIVIA 


DETAIL   OF   MONOLITHIC   IDOL,    RUINS   OF   TIAHUAXACU 


A  HUT   IN   MODERN    TIAHUANACU 
In   the  village  of  Tiahuanacu   are   huts   with   thatchjcl   roofs  whose   entrances   are 
formed  by  stones  which  once  formed  parts  of  the  ancient  ruins  of  the  prehistoric 

city. 


«,v'A«aasMseaaia.jssHefi«tS5«-:«^^^ 


,.J. 


CORRIDOR  OF   THE  CENTRAL   POSTOFFICE,   CITY   OF   MEXICO 


MAXIMILIAN'S   STATE   COACH 
Preserved    in    the   National   Museum,    City   of   Mexico 


c*i!M>limu(H(*M*2II^C<4DK;jr-Vi..:-^»''.>.  . 


©ly^  Har  in  ^nrapt  Bl^auih  ^^ ni?  to 
Initf  tiff  Ammran  pw^jba 

By 

HIS  EXCELLENCY,  SAMUEL  V.  STEWART 

Governor  of  Montana 

Exwttttiip  Wf&tt    ^j^imu,  Montana 

August  21,  1914. 
Mr.  Frank  Allaben,  Editor, 

The  Journal  of  American  History, 
New  York  City. 
Dear  Sir: 

EFERRING  to  your  letter  of  the  fifteenth  instant: 
The  world  is  full  of  peace-lovers,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  to-day  millions  of  men  are  under  arms  in 
Europe,  and  the  hearts  of  these  lovers  of  peace  must 
swell  with  approval  when  they  contemplate  the  atti- 
tude of  the  United  States  in  the  troublous  times. 
Nothing  less  than  an  inspired  wisdom  could  have 
brought  us  down  to  the  present  day  without  a  call  to  arms,  and  it  is 
cause  for  intense  gratification  that  those  in  power,  in  the  present  crisis, 
are  possessed  of  a  stout  determination  to  prevent  our  country  from 
being  in  any  way  drawn  into  the  embroilment. 

The  great  heart  of  the  American  people  beats  in  full  sympathy 
with  the  people  of  the  contending  nations,  sorrowing  over  the  appall- 
ing toll  that  war  inevitably  will  take,  and  there  is  everywhere  the 
sincere  hope  that  the  European  powers  may  accept  the  good  offices  of 
our  country  as  mediator  to  the  end  that  the  ravages  of  conflict  may 
cease. 

This  deplorable  clash  of  arms  should  serve  to  draw  the  people 
of  the  Western  Hemisphere  more  closely  together  than  ever.  There 
was  never  a  more  propitious  occasion  for  "seeing  the  Americas,"  the 
countries  of  our  own  new  land,  and  by  friendly  intercourse  and  closer 
acquaintance  more  indissolubly  cementing  the  ties  that  bind  us  one  to 
another.     In  the  circumstances,  the  people  of  Central  and   South 

[6s] 


THE   JOURNAL   OF   AMERICAN    HISTORY 


America  should  be  made  to  feel  that  they  are  specially  desired  at  the 
Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  at  San  Francisco  in  191 5, 
as  it  should  be  the  desire  of  our  people  to  return  the  visit  in  191 6. 
We  should  be  neighbors  in  all  that  the  word  implies,  and  anything 
that  may  be  done  to  further  this  plan  is  worthy  of  all  commendation. 
My  voice  is  for  peace  and  good  will  among  all  the  nations  of  the 
earth,  and  I  trust  that  this  condition  may  speedily  be  brought  about. 


Yours  ta?\i 


Governor  of  Hontana, 


66 


BY 

HIS  EXCELLENCY,  L.  E.  PINKHAM 


^xtttxtivt  OUjambrr    Ifduoltiltt,  %titau 

September  23,  19 14. 
Frank  Allaben,  Esq., 

Editor-in-Chief, 

The  Journal  of  American  History, 

30  East  42nd  Street,  New  York. 
Dear  Sir: 

OUR  favor  of  the  15th  August  is  before  us.  As 
Governor  of  the  mid-Pacific  outpost  of  the  United 
States  and  in  contact  with  Oriental  populations  and 
problems,  of  which  the  people  of  the  mainland  have 
no  practical  conception,  it  would  be  improper  for  me, 
from  any  point  of  view,  to  discuss  the  situation. 

Peace  has  its  tragedies  as  well  as  war,  and  com- 
mercial greed  is  more  destructive  of  society  and  the  spirit  of  manhood. 
Reepeot fully. 


Governor  of  Hawaii. 


[67] 


Att  (ipportutttt^  for  %  Ammnm 
^rm  ^pxtxt  of  Ctert^, 


BT 


THE  HONORABLE  JOHN  H.  SMALL,  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

October  17,  19 14. 
Mr.  Frank  Allaben, 
Editor-in-Chief, 

The  Journal  of  American  History, 
30  East  42nd  Street, 
New  York. 
My  dear  Sir: 

HAVE  kept  on  my  desk  your  letter  of  August  15, 
intending  at  the  time  to  reply,  but,  as  sometimes  hap- 
pens with  us  all,  this  good  intention  became  derailed 
and  has  just  again  gotten  on  the  track. 

Your  comments  arising  out  of  the  European 
War,  and  the  opportunity  which  you  emphasize  for 
the  Republics  of  North  and  South  America  to  frater- 
nize in  the  true  spirit  of  liberty,  justice,  and  peace  impressed  me  very 
much. 

At  one  time  I  thought  of  introducing  a  resolution  in  the  House 
of  Representatives,  along  the  line  of  the  thought  expressed  in  your 
letter,  but  a  conference  with  some  of  my  colleagues  indicated  that  the 
time  was  not  opportune. 

At  any  rate,  on  my  own  account,  I  wish  to  express  to  you  the 
pleasure  I  received  on  reading  your  communication,  and  my  sympathy 
with  the  aspirations  which  you  set  forth. 


Very  sincerely, 


[68] 


^mutat  Irtatom  0  C^ptmon 


lUnxUh  #tateB  ^muU 

Washington,  August  20,  19 14. 
Mr.  Frank  Allaben,  Editor-in-Chief, 

The  Journal  of  American  History, 

30  East  42nd  Street,  New  York. 

Mv  dear  Mr.  Allaben : 


HAVE  yours  of  August  15th,  and  in  reply  wish  to  say 
that  I  think  the  nations  of  the  Western  Hemisphere 
should  have  friendly  commercial  and  social  relations. 
Very  truly  yours. 


jry  truly  yotirs. 


[69] 


txxtt  0f  Har 

BY 

THE  HONORABLE  WARREN  WORTH  BAILEY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 

Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Mileage, 
United  States  House  of  Representatives 

Frank  Allaben, 

New  York. 
Dear  Sir: 

N  RESPONSE  to  3^ours  of  August  15,  asking  me  for 
an  expression  touching  on  the  calamity  which  has 
fallen  upon  the  peoples  of  Europe  and  indirectly  upon 
the  peoples  of  the  whole  world,  permit  me  to  say  that 
in  my  judgment  this  frightful  condition  was  rendered 
possible  only  by  that  system  of  indirect  taxation  which 
has  permitted  governments  to  extort  enormous  trib- 
ute from  the  people  without  the  people  realizing  the  fact.  Were  taxes 
laid  directly  on  the  people  for  the  support  of  general  governments 
in  the  same  way  they  are  laid  and  collected  for  local  purposes,  the 
taxpayers  would  be  in  open  revolt  against  the  frightful  exactions 
which  everywhere  have  prevailed,  largely  for  war  purposes.  In  our 
own  country  sixty  cents  out  of  every  dollar  paid  into  the  federal 
treasury  go  to  meet  the  cost  of  wars  past  or  anticipated.  "Prepared- 
ness" is  costing  us  as  dearly  as  it  has  cost  the  nations  now  in  conflict 
in  Europe,  and  our  "preparedness"  is  no  better  guaranty  of  peace  than 
we  find  that  other  "preparedness"  proved  to  be. 

While  I  sympathize  with  the  general  proposition  laid  down  in 
your  communication,  suggesting  a  joint  expression  of  the  great  sor- 
row of  the  peoples  of  the  western  hemisphere  over  the  calamity  which 
has  fallen  upon  the  peoples  of  Europe;  by  a  joint  expression  of  the 
hope  that  the  powers  of  Europe  will  consider  the  earnest  desire  of 
their  brethren  in  the  west  to  serve  them  through  mediation  and  to 
render  such  service  toward  alleviation  of  the  distresses  of  war  as 
lies  within  the  power  of  neutrals ;  by  a  joint  expression  of  profound 
conviction  that  no  spirit  of  aggression,  no  coveting  of  territory,  and 
no  race  antipathy  should  be  permitted  ever  to  whet  the  swords  of 

[70] 


TAXATION  REFORM  AS  A  PREVENTIVE  OF  WAR 

the  free  peoples  of  the  New  World  against  one  another ;  and  by  gen- 
eral co-operation  in  turning  the  present  period  of  exclusion  of  Amer- 
icans from  Europe  into  a  time  of  special  international  travel  and  inter- 
course between  the  nations  of  the  western  hemisphere,  I  am  still  con- 
strained to  believe  that  all  these  must  fail  as  far  as  offering  a  final 
solution  of  the  frightful  problems  which  wars  present  or  wars  to 
come  present;  and  my  suggestion  would  be  that  the  peoples  of  the 
western  hemisphere  should  devote  themselves  rather  to  the  working 
out  of  a  plan  of  direct  taxation  which  would  make  so  tremendously 
for  peace,  so  surely  against  that  ''preparedness"  which  is  the  infallible 
precursor  of  war. 

You  may  be  interested  in  knowing  that  I  have  in  contemplation 
a  measure  looking  to  this  end  for  presentation  to  Congress  at  the 
proper  time.  Under  the  measure  which  I  have  conceived  we  should 
raise  a  very  large  part  of  the  federal  revenues  by  a  tax  on  land  values, 
apportioned  among  the  states  on  the  basis  of  population,  as  required 
by  the  Constitution.  There  is  no  mechanical  or  other  difficulty  in 
the  way,  at  least  none  that  should  be  unduly  troublesome.  The  land 
value  tax  is  the  most  easily  levied  and  the  most  readily  and  cheaply 
collected  of  all  taxes;  and  it  has  the  merit  of  staying  exactly  where 
it  is  put.  It  cannot  be  shifted.  It  cannot  in  the  slightest  degree 
hamper  industry  or  retard  development.  It  has  in  fact  exactly  the  con- 
trary effect.  It  infallibly  stimulates  industry  and  as  infallibly  promotes 
progress  and  development.  It  imparts  new  life  into  enterprise  and 
tends  steadily  toward  a  higher  level  of  diffused  prosperity.  It  would 
break  down  the  monopoly  of  natural  resources  and  in  doing  so  lib- 
erate labor  and  make  it  possible  for  every  man  to  be  economically 
free.  The  Lloyd  George  budget,  while  being  merely  tentative  in 
character,  has  embodied  the  principle  which  is  incorporated  in  the 
measure  I  have  in  preparation.  Lloyd  George  has  taken  merely  the 
first  step.  It  is  possible  that  it  may  not  have  produced  the  results 
which  those  who  so  bitterly  opposed  it  feared,  but  it  has  produced 
an  effect  and  a  very  profound  one  on  the  economic  conditions  of  the 
British  Isles,  with  the  certainty  that  never  again  will  land  values  as 
a  source  of  revenue  be  ignored  by  the  imperial  government.  Were 
the  Tories  to  be  restored  to  power  to-morrow,  they  would  not  repeal 
the  legislation  which  Lloyd  George  embodied  in  his  famous  budget. 

Yours  very  truly,        ^   j/^tO     ^ 

[71] 


A  CrttFr  Jffrnm  ^^natnr  Qlumntttta 


TBinfUh  #tatPB  ^tnuU 


My  dear  Sir: 


September  3,  19 14. 


HAVE  your  interesting  letter  of  the  15th  ultimo.  I 
would  like  to  do  something,  say  something,  or  both, 
that  would  be  helpful  in  view  of  the  awful  calamity 
which  has  fallen  upon  Europe,  but  I  am  not  clear  as 
yet  just  what  ought  to  be  said  or  ought  to  be  done, 
and  therefore  I  must  take  time  for  further  reflection 
before  making  any  specific  proposal. 
With  high  regard,  I  am 


Your0  very  truly. 


Frank  Allaben,  Editor, 
30  East  42nd  Street, 
New  York,  N.  Y. 


[72] 


Nm  WaM  IlrtortM  nf  fmt^ 


BT 


THE  HONORABLE  HENRY  T.  RAINEY  OF  ILLINOIS 


COMMITTEE  ON  WAYS  AND   MEANS 
HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 

August  24,  1914. 
brank  Allaben, 

Editor-in-Chief, 

The  Journal  of  American  History, 
New  York  City. 
Dear  Sir: 

HE  Latin-American  Nations  of  the  Western  Hemis- 
phere owe  much  to  the  United  States.     Within  the 
last  few  months  the  efforts  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
Brazil,  Chile,  and  the  United  States  have  brought 
peace  to  the  unfortunate  people  of  Mexico,  and  have 
assured  to  that   Country  in  the   future  Presidents 
elected  by  the  people,  not  brigands  who  have  been 
successful  leaders  of  revolutions,  and  the  concerted  action  of  these 
Nations  has  served  to  bring  nearer  together  all  the  Republics  of  the 
Western  Hemisphere.    It  is  a  tremendous  victory  for  peace. 

The  building  of  the  Panama  Canal  means  much  in  the  matter  of 
the  establishment  of  freer  trade  relations  between  all  the  American 
Republics.  The  building  of  the  Canal  is  a  tremendous  victory  for 
commerce  and  for  peace. 

The  San  Francisco  Exposition  will  be  the  greatest  and  the  most 
important  Exposition  ever  given  in  the  Western  World,  even  if  only 
the  United  States  and  the  other  Republics  of  this  Hemisphere 
participate. 

We  propose  to  treat  Colombia  fairly  and  to  do  what  we  can,  in 
that  fair,  honest,  courageous  spirit  which  ought  to  prevail  between 
Nations,  to  rectify  any  wrong  we  may  have  done  her  in  the  past.  The 
pending  Treaty  with  Colombia,  when  it  is  adopted,  is  a  victory  for 
peace,  greater  than  any  victory  in  the  war  now  raging  over  half 
the  world  can  possibly  be. 

[73] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

Two  or  three  years  from  now  some  of  the  Nations  of  Europe 
may  be  celebrating  victories,  won  only  at  the  sacrifice  of  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  lives  and  millions  of  treasure.  In  this  Hemisphere 
we  will  have  nothing  to  celebrate  except  victories  of  peace,  bringing 
about  more  friendly  and  freer  trade  relations,  and  bringing  together 
those  Nations  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  which  govern  themselves, 
in  closer  bonds  of  friendship  and  of  peace  than  ever. 

I  am  glad  to  learn  that  The  Journal  of  American  History  is  about 
to  devote  one  issue  to  a  discussion  of  the  historic  relations  of  North, 
Central,  and  South  America.  I  know  of  no  more  opportune  time  for 
such  a  presentation  that  this.  You  will  render  millions  of  people  a 
splendid  service. 

Vtry  truly  youri 


7  xruiy  your  a- 


[74] 


®IjF  pan  Ammratt  S^manml 


BT 
MABEL  THACHER  ROSEMARY  WASHBURN 

HE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION  says,  in  its  Bulletin, 
of  the  Pan  American  Financial  Conference  held  in 
Washington  during  the  week  of  May  23-29,  191 5, 
that  it  "was  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  important 
meetings  which  has  ever  been  called  together  in  the 
Western  Hemisphere." 

The  idea  of  Pan  American  Congresses  goes  back 
to  the  one  held  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  in  1826,  the  fruit  of 
Bolivar's  magnificent  ideal  of  moral  union  of  the  Americas.  To  this 
the  United  States  was  invited  to  send  delegates,  but  one  of  them 
died  on  the  journey  to  Panama,  and  the  other  arrived  after  the 
adjournment  of  the  meeting.  We  were  invited  to  take  part  also 
in  the  next  Pan  American  Congress,  at  Lima  in  1847,  but  our  engage- 
ment in  the  Mexican  War  prevented  our  doing  so.  Our  co-operation 
was  not  invited  to  the  third  and  fourth  Congresses,  at  Santiago  in 
1856  and  at  Lima  in  1864. 

In  addition  to  these,  there  have  been  other  important  gatherings 
of  representatives  of  Latin- American  Nations.  One  of  the  most  not- 
able of  these  was  in  1887-88,  at  Montevideo,  when  delegates  from 
Argentina,  Bolivia,  Brazil,  Chile,  Paraguay,  Peru,  and  Uruguay,  dis- 
cussed and  concluded  treaties  on  international  law,  these  treaties  being 
ratified  by  the  delegates'  Governments. 

The  present  splendidly  effective  agency  for  the  promotion  of 
co-operation  among  the  Nations  of  the  W^estern  Hemisphere,  the  Pan 
American  Union,  should  be  considered  as  the  direct  heir  of  Bolivar's 
far-visioned  ideals.  In  1888  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
authorized  the  President  to  invite  the  Latin- American  Governments 
to  send  delegates  to  Washington,  for  the  consideration,  with  us,  of 
a  number  of  matters  of  common  concern.    To  James  G.  Blaine,  then 

[75] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

Secretary  of  State,  should  much  credit  be  given  for  the  carrying 
through  of  this  design,  and  he  presided  over  the  Conference,  which 
lasted  from  October  2,  1889,  to  April  19,  1890. 

From  this  Conference  came  into  being  the  International  Bureau 
of  American  Republics,  "for  the  collection  and  publication  of  informa- 
tion relating  to  the  commerce,  products,  laws,  and  customs  of  the 
countries  represented." 

The  next  Pan  American  Congress,  under  the  new  organization, 
was  called  by  Mexico,  at  the  suggestion  of  President  McKinley,  and 
met  at  the  City  of  Mexico,  from  October  22,  1901,  to  January  31,  1902. 

Perhaps  the  Pan  American  Conference  which  has  had  the  most 
far-reaching  effects  was  that  held  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  in  the  summer  of 
1906.  All  of  the  twenty-one  Republics,  except  Venezuela  and  Haiti, 
were  represented.  Mr.  Elihu  Root,  then  Secretary  of  State,  although 
not  officially  a  delegate,  attended  the  Congress,  and  his  brilliant 
address  is  one  of  the  most  vital  contributions  to  Pan  American  inter- 
course. 

In  1910,  at  the  fourth  Congress,  the  name  of  the  Pan  American 
Union  was  adopted. 

The  man  whose  inspiration  was  the  creator  of  the  Pan  Amer- 
ican Financial  Conference  of  191 5  is  the  Honorable  William  Gibbs 
McAdoo,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  he 
acted  as  presiding  officer.  A  special  Act  of  Congress  was  passed  to 
authorize  the  Congress,  and  it  was  the  United  States  Government 
which  issued  the  invitations  to  attend.  The  Ambassadors  and  Min- 
isters of  the  Latin-American  Republics  to  the  United  States  co- 
operated in  the  most  generous  spirit  and  the  Conference,  in  its  incep- 
tion and  in  all  of  its  workings  and  achievements,  is  a  gratifying 
example  of  the  national  neighborliness  toward  which  All-America  has 
been  aiming,  and  which  we  of  the  New  World  hope  may  serve  as  a 
torch  to  light  the  blackness  of  war-benighted  Europe. 

On  the  eve  of  the  Conference  Secretary  McAdoo  said: 

"During  the  last  six  months  every  country  of  the  American 
Continent  has  suffered  severely  by  reason  of  the  European  conflict. 
Financial  distress  and  the  paralyzation  of  industry  has  been  accom- 
panied by  real  suffering  on  the  part  of  the  masses  of  the  people. 
In  some  instances  a  serious  emergency  situation  has  arisen  which  can 
only  be  met  by  finding  new  sources  of  supply  from  which  to  secure 
working  capital. 

"One  of  the  most  serious  questions  confronting  the  Republics  of 
this  Continent  is  the  utter  inadequacy  of  transportation  facilities  since 

[76] 


THE  PAN-AMERICAN  FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE 

the  outbreak  of  the  European  war.  Not  only  have  freight  charges 
advanced,  but  in  a  great  number  of  instances  transportation  faciH- 
ties  have  not  been  available  at  any  price.  One  of  the  important 
questions  confronting  this  Conference  will  be  whether  the  Republics 
of  America  can  safely  continue  to  be  dependent  on  the  merchant 
marine  of  European  countries  for  the  maintenance  of  their  normal 
commercial  relations.  Many  of  the  countries  of  South  America  are 
eager  for  the  establishment  of  transportation  lines  that  will  not  be 
dependent  on  the  vicissitudes  of  European  affairs. 

"The  financial  questions  to  be  considered  by  the  Conference 
cover  the  most  pressing  needs  of  all  the  countries  of  the  American 
Continent.  The  programme  will  extend  over  the  entire  range  of  pub- 
lic and  private  financial  needs,  as  well  as  the  problems  connected  with 
the  extension  of  commerce. 

"It  is  expected  that  the  most  important  results  will  be  secured 
through  the  confidential  conferences  that  will  take  place  in  the 
respective  Group  Committees.  Each  delegation  from  Central  and 
South  America  will  meet  with  a  group  of  eminent  American  finan- 
ciers and  business  men  from  every  section  of  the  United  States. 
The  opportunity  thus  offered  for  a  frank  and  free  interchange  of 
views  can  not  help  but  be  of  inestimable  value  in  the  formulation  of 
definite  and  practical  plans.  It  will  require  considerable  time  to 
bring  these  plans  to  full  fruition,  but  a  step,  and  an  important  step, 
will  have  been  taken  in  creating  for  the  Republics  of  the  American 
Continent  a  firm,  definite,  and  practical  basis  for  co-operative  action 
and  mutual  benefit." 

The  week  of  the  Conference  was  socially  a  brilliant  one.  Those 
who  have  been  in  Washington  in  springtime  know  its  gracious  beauty 
— the  exquisite  freshness  of  April  melting  into  June's  soft,  glowing 
loveliness. 

The  social  welcome  to  the  Conference  began  with  a  ball  on  Mon- 
day evening.  May  24,  in  the  beautiful  building  of  the  Pan  American 
Union.  Its  picturesque  "Patio,"  reminiscent  of  Spanish-America,  of 
the  charm  of  Old- World  Spain,  and  of  the  olden  times,  more  far,  more 
exotic,  of  Moorish  courts  and  palaces,  made  a  setting  never  to  be  for- 
gotten, with  its  green  plants,  its  tropic  parrots,  flaunting  the  red  and 
yellow  of  the  Spain  whence  came  our  guests'  ancestors  centuries  ago, 
and  the  silver  fountain  plashing  murmurous  welcomes  musical  as  the 
liquid-silver  tongue  of  old  Castile. 

The  reception  on  Tuesday  at  the  Argentine  Embassy,  with  its 
rose-blanche  ball-room,  the  tea  at  Chevy  Chase,  the  pilgrimage  of 

\77] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

the  delegates  to  Washington's  home  and  tomb  at  Mount  Vernon, 
whither  they  sailed  on  the  President's  yacht,  the  Mayflozver,  the 
garden-party  given  by  Secretary  and  Mrs.  Bryan,  the  reception  of 
the  Chinese  Minister  and  Madame  Shah,  will  long  stand  forth  in 
the  brilliant  galaxy  of  historic  festivities  which  illuminated  the  serious 
work  of  profound  thought  and  conclusions  of  deepest  import  achieved 
by  the  Conference. 

A  memorable  incident  of  the  pilgrimage  to  Mount  Vernon 
occurred  when  the  Mayflozver  came  opposite  Washington's  tomb. 
Officers  and  men  stood  reverently  at  attention  while  the  bugler  played 
"Taps,"  and  as  the  clear,  soft  notes  died  in  echo  against  the  hills  the 
splendid  triumph-music  of  "The  Star- Spangled  Banner"  blazed  out 
the  glory  that  Washington  lived  and  died  to  make  come  true. 

Pageantry  of  banners  is  always  to  be  seen  in  Washington,  but 
during  the  week  of  the  Conference  the  City  was  aflame  with  flags. 
Ensigns  of  the  twenty  Latin-American  Nations,  the  splendid  young 
Republics  of  the  West,  mingled  with  the  Oriental  gorgeousness  of 
that  of  China, — new  Republic  of  an  ancient  State, — while  banners 
of  the  fighting  lands  of  Europe  held  their  usual  place,  and  every- 
where the  Stars  and  Stripes  blazoned  forth  their  loyal  friendship 
for  sister  "lands  of  the  free,"  their  tribute  of  honor  to  all  "homes  of 
the  brave." 


f781 


Ammra  fnr  AmmmuB 

Bttg  of  Mattttattttttg  tfy^  iloitro?  Sorlrin?,  i^Utifr^i  Irfor?  llyt  J^an- 
Am^rtratt  Jittnattrtal  (HonUnm^ 

BY 

THE  HONORABLE  SANTIAGO  PEREZ  TRIANA 

Chairman  of  the  Delegation  from  Colombia  to  the 
Pan  American  Financial  Conference 


m^T^f^jf^m^ 


HE  happiness  of  the  peoples  that  inhabit  the  American 
Continent  is  to  be  attained  by  the  maintenance  and 
the  strengthening  of  the  principles  of  social,  political, 
and  international  life  which  have  governed  this  con- 
tinent since  the  days  when  its  emancipation,  in  its 
northern  section,  was  first  proclaimed.  Those  prin- 
ciples are  the  principles  of  democracy,  according  to 
which  all  men  are  born  equal,  and  equality  of  opportunities  before  the 
law  granted  to  them  all. 

This  continent,  therefore,  stands  first  and  foremost  for  liberty 
through  democracy. 

At  various  times  in  the  history  of  these  nations  weighty  utter- 
ances have  been  made  and  transcendent  measures  have  been  taken. 
They  are  found,  as  it  were,  like  the  footprints  of  destiny  on  the  path 
of  history.  Thus  a  continental  status  or  condition  of  affairs  has  been 
arrived  at,  which  consists  in  the  inviolability  of  the  continent  to  polit- 
ical activities  of  conquest  or  colonization  from  outside. 

This  status  has  been  consecrated  by  the  development  of  history 
up  to  the  present  moment,  and  it  constitutes  the  essential  safeguard 
of  American  liberties.  I  use  the  word  American  in  the  full  integrity 
of  its  meaning,  covering  north,  centre,  and  south  on  the  continent 
and  the  adjacent  islands  geographically  entitled  to  the  designation. 

The  portentous  and  sombre  events  that  are  being  developed  at 
the  present  lurid  moment  of  history  across  the  seas  accentuate  with 
glaring  emphasis  the  fundamental  importance  of  the  status  of  invio- 
lability of  the  continent.  That  inviolability  stands,  as  it  were,  as  a 
contention  wall,  which  the  foresight  of  the  owner  of  an  orchard  had 
set  up  against  the  possible  irruptions  of  a  wayward  torrent  in  the 
neighborhood.    Thus,  it  happens  that  the  swollen  waters  in  the  pres- 

[79] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

ent  case,  unable  to  overflow  the  protected  precincts,  have  continued 
their  mad  career  to  the  abyss.  In  this  manner  the  condition  of  the 
inviolability  of  the  continent  has  acted  as  the  determining  cause  of 
the  present  world-wide  cataclysm  centred  in  Europe. 

A  very  concise  analysis,  or  rather  recapitulation  of  the  pertinent 
facts  of  European  international  life  during  the  last  half  century,  will 
suffice  to  demonstrate  the  justness  of  the  preceding  appreciation. 
This  analysis  is  not  made  here  in  any  spirit  of  bitter  or  adverse  criti- 
cism. It  is  simply  a  statement  of  facts  that  have  their  intrinsic 
weight  and  importance  and  gravitate  accordingly  in  the  criterion  of 
men. 

The  system  of  the  balance  of  power  which  has  obtained  in  Europe 
with  increased  strength  during  the  last  thirty  years,  and  which  dated 
from  a  far  longer  period  of  time,  had  culminated  in  the  constitution 
of  two  separate  groups  of  powerful  nations.  These  nations  prided 
themselves  on  having  maintained  the  peace  of  Europe  since  the 
Franco-Prussian  war  of  1870;  their  allegation  was  truthful  on  the 
surface ;  during  that  period  no  human  blood  had  been  shed  in  battle  on 
the  soil  of  those  nations. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  selfsame  system  begot  all  the  burdens  of 
war,  save  the  killing  of  men,  in  the  shape  of  a  latent  state  of  warfare 
throughout  Europe  and  in  wars  of  conquest. 

The  two  great  groups  thus  accomplished  the  distribution  among 
the  most  favored  of  their  number  of  every  inch  of  ground  on  the  con- 
tinents or  on  islands  of  the  eastern  hemisphere  that  they  could  wrest 
from  weaker  hands.  In  each  and  every  instance  the  division  of  the 
spoils  facilitated  the  soothing  of  outraged  feelings  of  unsatisfied  ambi- 
tion and  quieted  the  squeamish  scruples  of  conscience. 

Thus  peace  in  Europe  was  maintained  at  the  expense  of  the 
sovereignty  and  independence  of  foreign  peoples  in  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere. This  may  have  been  an  evil  or  a  boon  to  humanity — it  is  not 
for  me  to  say.  Men  are  wont  to  talk  of  the  "claims  of  superior 
peoples,"  of  the  "white  man's  burden,"  of  the  "higher  civilization," 
&c.,  and  if  the  prosecution  by  fire  and  steel  of  those  noble  ideals  did 
not  happen  to  coincide  every  time  with  material  gain  one  would  be 
more  able  readily  to  comprehend  and  appreciate  their  lofty  disinter- 
estedness. 

The  Eastern  Hemisphere  having  been  parceled,  labeled,  and  dis- 
tributed, it  became  necessary  to  find  new  fields  for  the  energies  left 
unoccupied,  brewing  and  simmering  at  home,  which  unavoidably 
would  entail  disaster  otherwise. 

New  lands  to  conquer !    That  was  the  cry  of  the  hour.    The  new 

[80] 


AMERICA   FOR  AMERICANS 

lands  exist — they  are  broad  and  they  are  bountiful.  The  sun  smiles 
upon  them;  they  have  rivers,  forests,  and  plains,  all  teeming  with 
wealth,  and  they  are  so  vast  that  there  is  room  in  them  for  the  over- 
crowded generations  of  the  congested  lands  in  the  next  few  centuries. 

The  congested  lands  are  heavy  with  a  humanity  that  comes  to 
the  light  of  life  with  a  burden  of  tradition  in  the  shape  of  taxes  and 
servitudes  deep  rooted  in  the  past  centuries.  (For  let  it  be  remem- 
bered that  the  European  nations  are  still  paying  for  the  Napoleonic 
war. )  But  those  new  lands  were  unattainable ;  they  stood  there  before 
the  hungry  gaze  of  the  two  powerful  groups  of  nations  like  a  glorious 
mirage  of  possibilities. 

The  wall  of  contention,  the  inviolability  of  the  American  con- 
tinent, prevented  the  irruption  of  the  torrent  of  conquest  and  political 
organization  on  the  American  continent ;  and  that  torrent  had  to  flow 
on,  on  in  its  mad  career,  to  plunge  into  the  abyss  into  which  it  has 
fallen,  the  depth  of  which  no  human  eye  can  venture  to  fathom. 

The  inviolability  of  this  continent  is  the  protecting  shield  of 
human  liberty.  It  must  be  maintained  at  all  costs.  It  must  be  forti- 
fied by  all  possible  means.  Whatever  the  outcome  of  the  European 
conflagration  may  be,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  desire  for  political 
conquest  upon  the  American  continent  will  persist.  Such  a  desire  lies 
in  the  very  nature  of  things  as  they  are;  it  is  not  the  result  of  pre- 
meditated perversity  of  collectivities  or  of  individuals.  It  lies  in  the 
very  essence  and  nature  of  things. 

The  hour  of  watchfulness  for  us  Americans  of  all  sections  has  only 
just  begun,  and  we  would  be  unworthy  of  the  men  who  achieved  our 
emancipation  and  who  founded  our  nationalities  if  through  neglect 
or  sordid  temporizing  we  were  to  jeopardize  the  patrimony  of  free- 
dom of  the  coming  generations.  The  first  element  for  the  protection 
of  the  continent  is  universal  harmony  and  efficient  co-operation. 
Financial  relationships  which  signify  the  lifeblood  of  industry  and 
commerce  are  of  paramount  importance  in  this  connection,  but  there 
are  other  indispensable  steps  rendered  necessary  by  the  revelation  of 
the  present  hour. 

All  feelings  of  fear  or  of  distrust  must  disappear.  It  is  neces- 
sary that  all  the  nations  of  the  continent  should  declare  in  a  solemn 
manner  that  the  era  of  conquest  of  territory  has  come  to  an  end  on 
the  American  continent,  alike  from  outsiders  as  from  other  nations 
on  the  continent,  and  that  redress  whenever  it  can  be  accomplished 
should  be  carried  out;  but  it  is  often  impossible  to  retrace  steps  of 
history,  and  in  such  cases  bygones  will  have  to  be  bygones,  and  the 
dead  past  will  have  to  bury  its  dead.    The  attempt  to  straighten  the 

[8i] 


/" 


THE    JOURNAL    OF   AMERICAN    HISTORY 

course  of  history,  following  the  current  up  the  stream  toward  its 
source,  would  be  idle  and  futile. 

It  is  the  future  that  concerns  us.  The  microbe  of  imperialism  is 
one  of  easy  growth.  Men  assembled  in  collectivities  called  nations 
have  been  accustomed,  when  occasion  has  arisen,  throughout  all  his- 
tory, to  accept  iniquity  as  their  guiding  principle,  and  the  honest  man 
who,  single-handed,  would  not  take  an  ear  of  corn  from  his  neighbor's 
field,  as  soon  as  he  finds  himself  armed  with  a  collective  conscience, 
will  not  only  take  the  ear  of  corn,  but  the  whole  field,  and  the  life 
of  his  neighbor  and  of  his  neighbor's  family  to  boot.  And  then  he 
will  present  himself,  demanding  the  crown  of  patriotism  and  the  halo 
of  glory  in  recognition  from  the  future  generations. 

The  microbe  must  be  extirpated  from  the  continent.  It  has  been 
proclaimed  within  recent  days  from  the  highest  summit  of  executive 
power  in  this  land  that  honesty  and  justice  and  not  convenience  should 
be  the  guiding  principle  of  life,  alike  individual  and  national. 

That  utterance  should  stand,  as  it  were,  as  the  pennant  of  our 
hopes  and  our  endeavors.  The  inviolability  of  the  continent  has  been 
-effective  for  outsiders,  but  not  so  for  some  nations  of  the  continent. 
I  do  not  speak  in  a  spirit  of  complaint  or  of  censure;  I  simply  state 
facts.  Thus  a  spirit  of  distrust  has  been  created  which  it  is  indispens- 
able to  eliminate.  The  atmosphere  of  cordiality  throughout  the  con- 
tinent must  be  diaphanous,  without  a  single  shadow  on  the  horizon. 

The  disappearance  of  distrust  will  permit  of  the  real  union  in 
sentiment  of  all  the  nations  of  America,  and  that  union  will  mean 
strength  for  the  protection  of  the  continent  and  of  the  ideals  of  liberty 
and  democracy  to  which  it  is  dedicated. 

The  territorial  responsibilities  of  the  American  nations  are 
weighty  beyond  comparison.  The  total  population  of  the  Latin  part 
of  the  continent  could  be  comfortably  housed  in  any  of  the  large  Latin- 
American  nations,  such  as  Bolivia,  Colombia,  Venezuela,  or  Argentina, 
for  instance,  leaving  the  rest  of  the  continent  empty  and  free  for  new- 
comers. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  imagine  the  speech  of  a  Prime  Minister  at  a 
private  Cabinet  sitting  in  one  of  the  congested  monarchies  in  the  pres- 
ence of  his  sovereign : 

"Sire,  here  at  home  we  have  reached  the  extreme  possibilities  of 
taxation,  and  the  armaments  call  for  more  and  more  expenditure. 
We  are  becoming  irredeemably  poor.  We  have  not  only  a  congested 
population,  but  a  yearly  surplus  of  humanity  which  for  years  uncount- 
able has  gone  to  strengthen  the  human  framework  of  nations  across 

[82] 


AMERICA    FOR   AMERICANS 

the  ocean  that  may  be  our  rivals  and  our  enemies  of  tomorrow.  Thus 
we  lose  the  very  blood  of  our  life. 

"And  yet  we  could  find  new  homes  for  our  people;  homes  that 
should  be  racially,  socially,  and,  above  all  things,  politically,  the  pro- 
longation of  our  nation.  There  is  only  one  thing  that  stands  in  the 
way,  that  is  the  alleged  inviolability  of  the  American  continent. 

"It  is  true  that  that  continent  is  open  to  our  subjects  as  individ- 
uals; that  there  they  can  find  a  home  socially  and  politically  on  the 
same  conditions  as  the  children  of  any  other  nation  of  that  continent. 
But  that  does  not  serve  our  purpose;  we  do  not  want  new  individual 
homes  for  our  subjects  across  the  ocean;  we  want  new  homes  for  our 
flag  in  those  new  lands.  We  must  smash,  annihilate,  and  pulverize 
that  vaunted  inviolability  with  our  iron-covered  right  hand. 

"There  are  other  nations  like  us,  suffering  from  conditions  iden- 
tical to  ours.  In  an  hour  of  incomprehensible  madness  those  nations 
and  ourselves  waged  war  among  ourselves  with  disastrous  results, 
from  which  only  ruin  and  misery  and  disaster  untold  have  accrued. 
Let  us  now  be  wise  and  unite  our  forces  to  seize  lands  which  are  the 
gift  of  God  Almighty  to  those  of  His  children  upon  earth  who  can 
till  them  and  exploit  them,  and  which  it  is  a  crime  of  unpardonable 
arrogance  to  maintain  waste  and  desert  on  the  plea  of  a  pretended  sys- 
tem of  continental  solidarity  and  of  hazy  Utopias  of  democracy,  lib- 
erty, and  what  not." 

Such  speeches  would  not  fall  upon  unheeding  ears,  among  peoples 
tortured  by  the  burdens  of  the  past  and  tormented  by  the  uncertain- 
ties of  the  future.  Whenever  they  supervene  it  becomes  of  paramount 
and  vital  importance  for  the  nations  of  America  that  it  should  be 
known  that  throughout  the  breadth  and  length  of  the  continent  they 
are  unanimous  in  sentiment ;  that  the  continent  will  be  inviolate  from 
conquest  or  political  colonization ;  that  it  is  open  and  free  to  the  wan- 
dering and  peaceful  multitudes,  but  that  it  is  closed  to  the  conquering 
flags. 


[83] 


A«  Jttt^rttattottal  Bnpxtmt  Qlourt  for 
%  H^Bt^ru  l|pmtHjrI|0r? 

An  Wpm  ^HUt  t0  tlj?  i^bgat^fi  to  %  Jan-Amf  riran  S^wannal 
Confpr^nr?  at  liaalyington  from  ttj?  pr^aUifnt  of  ©Ij?  JJatumal 

ifiatoriral  ^omtg 

To  the  Delegates  to  the  Pan  American  Financial  Conference, 
Gentlemen : 

TAKE  the  liberty  of  addressing  this  open  letter  to  you, 

because  you  severally  represent  the  highest  ideals  of 

our  American  Republics,  and  are  now  engaged  in 

rendering  all  our  peoples  one  of  the  greatest  services 

in  their  history.    I  have  not  ventured  to  intrude  upon 

your  labors,  but  write  only  as  your  Conference  is 

about  to  break  up. 

What  is  here  proposed  contemplates  one  step  only  beyond  the 

forms  of  international  co-operation  you  have  been  considering,  and 

bases  itself  upon  principles  generally  recognized  and  upon  treaties 

already  in  existence. 

As  you  know,  it  has  been  widely  urged  that  following  the  present 
war  in  Europe  a  confederation  of  the  European  Powers,  a  kind  of 
United  States  of  Europe,  should  be  formed.  As  a  proposal  in  the 
interest  of  internationaJ  peace,  such  a  project  must  enlist  our  sym- 
pathies. Yet  I  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  such  a  European 
combination,  should  it  be  effected  with  the  best  of  motives,  would 
instantly  be  recognized  by  us,  human  nature  being  what  it  is,  as  a  new 
menace  to  all  the  peoples  of  the  New  World. 

I  mention  this  possibility  simply  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  a 
world-crisis  has  arisen  which  should  incite  the  peoples  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere,  now  at  peace,  to  a  strenuous  effort  to  discover  and  put 
into  operation  some  practical  international  solution  around  which  all 
the  law-abiding  nations  of  the  earth  might  unite,  instead  of  leaving 
us  in  separated  groups,  which  might  at  any  time  clash. 

Race  questions  have  embroiled  Europe  in  the  most  terrible  war 
in  the  world's  history.    Race  issues  between  the  East  and  West  already 

[84] 


AN    INTERNATIONAL   SUPREME   COURT 

exist.  A  race  struggle  for  the  domination  of  Africa  is  one  of  the 
clearly-discernible  probabilities  of  the  near  future. 

In  the  Republics  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  on  the  other  hand, 
a  remarkable  process  of  race  amalgamation  has  been  going  on,  demon- 
strating to  the  whole  world  that,  within  national  bounds,  and  under 
free  institutions,  there  is  no  just  reason  why  differences  of  birth 
should  prevent  the  happy  progress  of  the  human  family.  One  problem 
remains,  toward  whose  solution  you,  gentlemen,  have  just  been  making 
a  most  valuable  contribution,  to  wit:  can  our  American  Republics, 
Latin- American  and  Anglo-Saxon,  demonstrate  to  the  world  that,  as 
race  differences  may  be  blended  in  a  common  civilization  within  a 
nation,  so  may  they  also  be  blended  in  a  perfect  co-operation  between 
nations  that  shall  enthrone  international  law  and  peace  over  inter- 
national self-will  and  war? 

With  this  preface,  I  propose  for  your  consideration,  and  that  of 
all  thoughtful  men  and  women,  the  following  outline  of  a  plan  to 
inaugurate  among  our  American  Republics  an  International  Supreme 
Court,  in  which  all  the  other  nations  of  the  earth  may  also  participate, 
on  the  same  equitable  basis  as  ourselves,  if  they  elect  to  do  so. 

1.  The  United  States  Government  has  already  signed  treaties 
with  a  majority  of  the  American  Republics,  calling  for  a  joint  com- 
mission between  the  United  States  and  each  of  the  signatory  Repub- 
lics, to  which  will  be  referred,  for  a  year's  study  if  necessary,  any 
dispute  arising  between  the  two  nations  which  cannot  be  settled  by 
diplomacy.  Let  the  United  States  sign  such  treaties  with  all  the 
American  Republics,  and  let  the  people  of  the  United  States  demand 
that  their  Senate  abrogate  all  pretense  to  exercise  rights  inconsistent 
with  the  same. 

2.  Let  each  of  the  other  American  Republics  execute  such  a  treaty 
with  every  other  American  Republic.  I  understand  that  Argentina, 
Brazil,  and  Chile  have  very  recently  taken  such  a  step  among  them- 
selves. 

While  such  treaties,  it  is  hoped,  would  prevent  war  as  a  result 
of  a  sudden  inflaming  of  the  public  mind,  they  would  not  make  war 
impossible  between  two  disputing  nations.  This  end  requires  a  fur- 
ther step. 

3.  Let  each  of  the  participating  nations  appoint  a  judge  to  sit 
in  an  International  Supreme  Court;  if  an  even  number  of  judges 
results,  let  them  elect  another  judge,  making  the  total  number  odd, 
and  let  the  decision  of  a  majority  determine  the  law.  Let  any  dispute, 
which  cannot  be  amicably  adjusted  between  two  or  more  nations  after 
the  recommendation  of  their  joint  commission  is  before  them,  be  re- 

[85] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

ferred  to  this  International  Supreme  Court,  and  let  its  decision  be 
international  law,  enforced,  if  necessary,  by  the  combined  police  power 
— the  combined  armies  and  navies — of  all  the  nations  represented  in 
the  Court.  Any  participating  power,  refusing  to  bow  to  this  tribunal, 
would  thus  become  an  outlaw- State.  Felonious  nations  would  be  dealt 
with  by  the  combined  arm  of  the  law-abiding  nations,  as  criminal 
individuals  are  now  dealt  with  by  a  law-abiding  community. 

4.  The  judgments  of  the  International  Supreme  Court,  although 
commanding  absolute  obedience  while  in  force,  should  nevertheless 
be  subject  to  rehearings  at  the  ends  of  certain  stated  terms  of  years, 
making  full  provision  for  any  reversals  required  by  human  conscience 
under  growing  enlightenment.  With  this  provision,  war — except  as 
an  exercise  of  police  power  to  compel  obedience  to  law,  as  police 
power  is  now  used  within  a  nation, — could  no  longer  find  a  righteous 
excuse. 

This  plan  holds  out  no  impracticable  dream  of  total  disarma- 
ment. Not  until  the  human  heart  changes,  and  we  may  dispense  with 
laws,  jails,  and  police  within  nations,  may  we  contemplate  total  dis- 
armament as  a  practical  possibility.  But  the  proposed  plan  affords  a 
just  and  practical  basis  for  a  reduction  of  armies  and  navies  to  the 
minimum  necessary  for  efficient  police  power  within  each  nation, 
and  efficient  police  power  of  the  combined  nations  in  maintaining 
international  peace.  The  new  doctrine  will  be  that  armies  and  navies 
are  for  police  power  only,  to  maintain  accepted  law,  and  not  for  that 
barbarous  and  beast-like  duelling  between  nations  which  we  call  war 
— a  method  which  never  determines  right  or  wrong,  but  only  who  is 
strongest. 

Much  more  could  be  said,  but  I  forbear.  I  write  this  much,  how- 
ever, under  the  profound  conviction  that  the  whole  world  now  looks 
to  the  free  peoples  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  for  some  illuminating 
suggestion.  If  we,  with  our  high  ideals  and  comparative  freedom 
from  many  of  the  problems  of  Europe,  are  unwilling  to  curb  our 
national  wills  and  ambitions  within  some  such  limits  of  international 
law  and  legal  procedure  as  here  proposed,  how  can  we  hope  that  other 
nations  of  the  earth  will  consent  to  do  so? 

With  deep  respect, 

Frank  Allaben. 
New  York,  May  28,  1915. 


[86] 


2II|f  (Hmxttam  ISitpl^  of  % 

CONGRESO  FINANCIERO  PANAMERICANO 

1915 
Washington,  D.  C. 

May  30TH,  191 5. 
THE  NATIONAL  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY: 


m^s^^f^^ 


HE  Chilean  Delegates  acknowledge  receipt  of 

YOUR  OPEN  letter  OF  RECENT  DATE,  AND  ARE  GLAD 
TO  CONFESS  THAT  THEY  HAVE  READ  ITS  CONTENTS 
WITH  GREAT  INTEREST. 


[87] 


©Ifr  (loal  at  l^un-Kmtvuwx  ^olthartt^ 


Slljf  (£.xintttmtt  a  fart  of  tl|?  (f^r^at  Jnt^rnatumal  miBBtott 

0ficrrtarg-QI?n?ral 


BY 

L.  S.  ROWE,  LL.  D. 


W4:-^a!mr«^ 


HESE  have  been  happy  days  for  me,  in  some  respects 
the  happiest  of  my  Hfe,  for  I  have  had  the  feeling 
as  never  before  that  we  are  at  the  beginning  of  a 
new  epoch  in  the  international  relations  of  the  Amer- 
ican Continent.  I  begin  to  see,  coming  to  full  fruition, 
a  new  concept  of  international  relations,  one  built 
up  on  the  idea  of  co-operation  and  mutual  benefit 
rather  than  of  rivalry  and  jealousy. 

Important  as  have  been  the  questions  presented  to  this  Confer- 
ence, I  cannot  help  but  feel  that  its  significance  is  far  deeper  than  the 
questions  included  in  the  programme.  It  is  an  inspiring  spectacle 
that  may  well  arouse  the  enthusiasm  of  every  patriotic  citizen  to 
realize  that,  at  a  time  when  hatreds  and  antagonisms  are  dominating 
so  great  a  part  of  the  Old  World,  the  Republics  of  America  assemble 
in  a  spirit  of  mutual  helpfulness  to  take  counsel  of  one  another,  and 
to  devise  ways  and  means  through  which  they  can  promote  the  spirit 
of  union  and  co-operation. 

Viewed  from  the  broadest  possible  standpoint,  it  means  that  the 
great  mission  of  the  Republics  of  the  American  Continent  is  coming 
to  full  fruition.  We  may  well  rejoice  at  this  great  privilege  of  giv- 
ing to  the  world,  at  a  critical  moment,  an  example  of  international 
solidarity.  A  new  note  has  been  struck  in  international  relations  which 
cannot  help  but  resound  throughout  the  civilized  world. 

I  am  free  to  confess  that  my  enthusiasm  is  not  aroused  by  the 
mere  thought  of  belonging  to  a  country  covering  a  vast  area  or  con- 
taining one  hundred  or  two  hundred  millions  of  inhabitants;  but  it 
is  my  ambition  that  the  country  to  which  I  belong  shall  be  a  leader 

[88] 


THE   GOAL   OF   PAN-AMERICAN   SOLIDARITY 

in  setting  a  new  standard  in  international  relations,  and  will  give  to 
the  world  a  new  idea,  namely,  that  its  own  welfare,  its  own  great- 
ness, its  significance  in  the  onward  march  of  civilization,  depend  on 
and  are  in  direct  ratio  with  the  service  which  it  is  able  to  perform 
to  other  nations,  and  particularly  to  its  sister  Republics  on  the  Amer- 
ican Continent. 

Important  and  far-reaching  as  is  the  significance  of  this  Con- 
ference, its  full  and  final  import  can  only  be  judged  in  that  larger 
perspective  in  which  loom  up  the  successive  steps  toward  the  goal  of 
Pan  American  solidarity. 


\m 


f  rarttral  S? BMlta  nf  %  pan-Ammran 
Jlttnattrial  (HanUvtnts 

ONCRETE  results  of  the  greatest  importance  to  all 
countries  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  were  pre- 
dicted at  the  close  of  the  Pan  American  Financial 
Conference,  at  the  close  of  its  six  days  of  exchange 
of  views,  discussion  of  problems  purely  American, 
and  those  which  have  arisen  out  of  the  international 
tangles  of  the  European  war. 

The  movements  here  and  enterprises  which  will  develop  out  of 
the  Conference  will  not  necessarily  be  visible  to  the  rank  and  file  of 
us  at  once ;  but  the  fulfillment  of  the  delegates'  plans  for  co-operation, 
and  all  our  business  and  other  relations  with  Latin-America  have 
been  energized  to  wiser  efficiency,  strengthened  closer  in  union,  by 
the  cordial  spirit  of  mutual  understanding  wrought  ^y  this  week's 
work. 

When  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  convenes.  Secretary 
McAdoo  will  make  the  official  report,  together  with  his  suggestions 
as  to  the  carrying-out  of  the  proposed  operations. 

Probably  the  subject  of  discussion  paramount  in  the  attention 
paid  to  it,  was  that  of  transportation  facilities  between  the  Americas. 

Mr.  McAdoo  said:  **We  are  not  here  to  discuss  government 
ownership  or  ship  subsidy.  We  have  been  anxious  above  all  to  keep, 
the  political  aspects  out  of  this  Conference.  Questions  of  govern- 
ment ownership  of  steamships  or  of  ship  subsidies  have  assumed  a 
political  aspect  in  this  country,  and  I  think  this  Conference  should 
avoid  them." 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  also  said  that  he  should  lay 
before  the  President  the  necessity  of  continuing  the  work  of  the  dele- 
gates, calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  representatives  of  the 
various  countries  participating  in  the  Conference  were  without  power 
to  take  decisive  common  action  in  the  matter  of  inter- American  trans- 
portation, but  that  each  country  must  deal  separately  with  the  ques- 
tion. He  said  that  the  "Group  Committees"  of  the  Conference  would 
be  succeeded  by  permanent  committees  to  continue  the  work  here. 

Mr.  Frank  A.  Vanderlip,  President  of  the  National  City  Bank, 
made  the  following  statement : 

[90] 


PRACTICAL  RESULTS  OF  THE   PAN-AMERICAN   FINANCIAL   CONFERENCE 

*'The  Pan  American  Conference  was  a  happy  conception.  It 
has  turned  out  better,  however,  than  its  very  best  friends  could  have 
anticipated.  The  results  promise  to  be  really  substantial,  and  not 
confined  to  expressions  of  good  fellowship  embalmed  in  an  unopened 
volume  of  proceedings. 

"The  Conference  has  been  characterized  by  practical  business 
sense.  It  has  not  been  a  gathering  for  mere  felicitous  speechmaking. 
The  results  promise  to  be  extremely  helpful  in  giving  impetus  to  the 
movement  for  closer  trade  relations  and  in  removing  obstacles  that 
stand  in  the  way. 

'There  was  one  point  on  which  every  member  in  attendance  at 
the  conference  seemed  to  agree,  and  that  was  that  the  greatest  obstacle 
in  the  way  of  this  trade  development  is  a  lack  of  transportation 
facilities.  There  were  wide  divisions  of  opinion  as  to  how  to  meet 
the  demand,  but  there  was  unanimous  agreement  that  it  must  be  met 
before  really  great  results  are  attained." 

The  support  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United  States 
in  furtherance  of  better  understanding  between  the  United  States 
and  Latin-America  was  promised  in  a  resolution  presented  by  Mr. 
John  H.  Fahey,  the  Chamber's  President,  and  this  resolution  was 
adopted.  A  plan  for  settlement  of  commercial  disagreements  by 
arbitration  is  to  be  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Fahey,  Mr.  Vanderlip,  and 
Senor  Aldao  of  the  Argentine  Republic. 

The  President  of  the  Illinois  Commercial  Federation,  Mr.  C.  A. 
Kiler  of  Champaign,  Illinois,  one  of  the  delegates,  with  the  Costa 
Rican  group,  said:  "Bringing  into  conference  so  many  men  repre- 
senting the  best  interests  of  the  people  of  the  American  Continents, 
at  a  time  when  Europe  appears  to  have  gone  mad,  was  a  master  stroke, 
and  will  surely  lead  to  lasting  benefit  for  all  of  us." 

Mr.  Kiler  said  also:  "In  my  judgment,  the  address  of  Doctor 
Santiago  Perez  Triana  of  Colombia  was  the  greatest  single  feature 
of  the  Conference,  with  the  exception  of  that  other  great  speech,  by 
President  Woodrow  Wilson.  This  address  will  go  a  long  way  toward 
securing  the  ends  and  aims  of  the  Conference. 

"I  wish  it  could  be  made  possible  to  exchange  professors  from 
our  universities  for  those  from  Latin-American  universities  for  a 
series  of  lectures  similar  to  those  which  we  have  had  in  exchange  with 
European  and  Japanese  universities.  We  have  much  to  learn  from 
Latin-America. 

"John  Barrett's  work  as  the  head  of  the  Pan  American  Union 
is  much  appreciated  by  the  delegates  from  all  countries,  and  the  im- 
portance of  this  Conference  shows  the  rare  judgment  he  had  when 

[91] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

he  took  up  this  work  years  ago.  If  ever  a  man  Hved  to  see  his  visions 
and  dreams  come  to  pass,  that  man  is  John  Barrett. 

"I  have  had  the  honor  to  serve  on  the  Committee  for  Costa  Rica, 
of  which  Senor  Mariano  Guardia  is  Chairman.  Doctor  Guardia  is 
the  Minister  of  Finance  in  Costa  Rica.  We  also  were  fortunate  in 
having  J.  M.  Keith,  an  American  citizen  who  has  Hved  in  Costa  Rica 
for  thirty  years  and  who  is  thoroughly  conversant  with  conditions 
there,  as  well  as  in  the  other  Republics  of  Central  and  South  America. 
Two  New  York  bankers,  E.  A.  de  Lima  and  Lewis  E.  Pierson,  did 
the  heavy  work  for  the  United  States  delegates  serving  on  our 
Committee.  Both  of  these  gentlemen  have  had  experience  in  inter- 
national banking  and  are  practical  business  men  who  know  how  to  go 
ahead  and  get  things  done. 

"The  Costa  Rica  Committee  has  worked  to  render  a  useful  report, 
as  I  feel  sure  every  other  Committee  has  also  so  endeavored. 

"I  go  back  to  Illinois  feeling  that  the  Pan  American  Conference 
will  stand  in  history  as  the  Commencement  exercises  stand  in  a  uni- 
versity. We  have  found  our  interests  to  be  mutual  with  those  of 
Latin-America,  and  this  surely  marks  the  beginning  of  great  things." 

Co-operation  between  bankers  in  the  United  States  and  merchants 
in  the  other  American  countries  is  essential.  The  bankers  should  be 
in  close  touch  with  the  merchants  and  should  have  accurate  and 
detailed  reports  of  their  financial  situation.  In  regard  to  this,  Mr. 
W.  S.  Kies,  foreign  trade  adviser  of  the  National  City  Bank,  New 
York,  said: 

"We  must  ask  your  earnest  and  sincere  aid  in  this  matter  of 
credit  extension.  We  have  heard  from  many  sources  of  the  high 
sense  of  business  honor  obtaining  among  your  leading  firms,  but  it 
is  always  true  that  a  man  to  be  thoroughly  appreciated  must  be  per- 
sonally known.  We  desire  sincerely  to  know  you  better.  May  we 
not  count  on  your  help  in  this  matter? 

"Through  your  commercial  organization  and  through  such 
permanent  committees  as  it  is  hoped  may  grow  out  of  this  great 
conference,  will  you  not  co-operate  with  us  by  urging  upon  your 
merchants  and  your  business  men  the  desirability  of  giving  to  such 
United  States  banks,  and  to  the  representatives  of  such  commercial 
interests  as  may  be  located  in  your  respective  countries,  full  and  com- 
plete information  regarding  their  responsibility  and  financial 
standing? 

"Our  merchants,  I  can  assure  you,  will  be  equally  frank,  and  our 
banks  and  our  credit  organizations  are  even  now  prepared  to  give 
to  your  merchants  information  in  complete  detail  concerning  the  com- 

[92] 


PRACTICAL   RESULTS   OF   THE   PAN-AMERICAN    FINANCIAL   CONFERENCE 

mercial  houses  in  this  country  who  may  wish  to  do  business  with  you. 

"This  Conference  will  produce  results  lasting  and  permanent,  if 
there  shall  develop  from  it  a  sincere  and  earnest  spirit  of  co-operation 
in  a  permanent  movement  for  mutual  education  and  acquaintance 
along  commercial  lines." 

The  suggested  banking  co-operation  between  this  country  and 
Latin- America  was  amplified  by  Secretary  of  State  William  J.  Bryan, 
at  a  dinner  given  during  the  Conference,  and  Mr.  Bryan's  plan  was 
described  in  detail  in  a  pamphlet  issued  by  the  National  City  Bank 
of  New  York. 

This  plan  is  that  the  United  States  have  a  system  for  interchange 
of  credits  with  the  other  American  Republics,  so  that  the  latter  should 
not  be  obliged  to  pay  a  high  rate  of  interest  on  loans  made  them.  Mr. 
Bryan  suggested  that  we  should  take  from  one  of  these  nations  its 
obligations  bearing  four  per  cent,  interest  and  should  give  such  coun- 
try an  equal  amount  of  three  per  cent.  United  States  bonds.  The  one 
per  cent,  thus  coming  to  our  Government  would  be  applied  to  amortiza- 
tion of  the  South  American  bonds,  which  would  take  forty-seven  years 
if  the  sinking  fund  were  invested  at  three  per  cent. 

The  National  City  Bank  is  enthusiastic  over  this  project  and  calls 
especial  attention  to  one  issue :  "Every  dollar  wisely  expended  in  the 
development  of  these  countries  will  yield  benefits  to  the  United  States. 
An  essential  part  of  such  a  programme,  of  course,  although  Mr. 
Bryan  did  not  touch  on  it  in  his  brief  presentation,  would  be  that  our 
Government  should  be  entirely  satisfied  with  the  purpose  for  which 
each  loan  was  to  be  incurred,  that  those  purposes  should  be  designed 
for  the  internal  development  of  the  countries  borrowing,  and  that  that 
development  should  be  of  a  character,  generally  speaking,  which 
would  tend  to  increase  their  commerce  and  make  them  more  pros- 
perous and  valuable  neighbors." 

All  delegates  to  the  Conference  agreed  that  the  solution  of  the 
problem  of  transportation  between  the  United  States  and  Latin- 
America  is  essential  to  the  success  of  closer  relations.  A  permanent 
committee  was  recommended  to  this  end,  its  members  to  represent 
Argentina,  Brazil,  Chile,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Uruguay,  and  the  United 
States. 

Two  sub-committee  reports  were  submitted.  One,  signed  by 
Delegates,  Senor  Alda  of  Argentina,  Senor  Cavalcanti  of  Brazil,  and 
Senor  Cosio  of  Uruguay,  proposed  a  fast  line  of  large  steamers,  whose 
route  should  be  between  the  United  States  and  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  Montevideo,  the  estimated  time  for  the  voyage  to  Rio  de 
Janeiro  to  be  fifteen  days.    It  was  proposed  that  these  ships  be  exempt 

[93] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

from  all  fiscal  charges  for  a  period  of  five  years,  and  that  this  plan 
should  be  pushed  energetically  to  completion,  bids  to  be  called  for  not 
later  than  the  close  of  191 5,  to  be  acted  on  within  three  months.  The 
expense  would  be  divided  by  agreement  between  the  South  American 
Governments  and  that  of  the  United  States. 

The  other  sub-committee  report,  signed  by  the  other  members 
and  by  Senor  Veraga  of  Chile,  proposed  two  fast  steamship  lines, 
one  of  these  to  be  from  this  country  to  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  Argen- 
tina; the  other  to  be  from  the  United  States  to  Ecuador,  Peru,  and 
Chile. 

In  a  separate  report,  Senor  Veraga  proposed  that  a  corporation 
be  formed,  the  stock  to  be  offered  to  public  subscription,  and  unsub- 
scribed shares  to  be  taken  by  the  Latin-American  Governments  and 
that  of  the  United  States,  in  proportions  to  be  determined.  Senor 
Veraga  proposed  that  this  organization  be  incorporated  under  the 
laws  of  New  York  State,  and  that  the  steamers  should  be  registered 
in  the  several  countries  in  proportion  to  the  capital  subscribed. 

A  compromise  resolution  was  offered  by  Mr.  David  R.  Francis 
of  St.  Louis,  and  this  was  unanimously  adopted.    The  resolution  was : 

''Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Conference  that  improved 
ocean  transportation  facilities  between  the  countries  comprising  the 
Pan  American  Union  has  become  a  vital  and  imperative  necessity, 
and  that  every  effort  should  be  made  to  secure  at  the  earliest  possible 
moment  such  improved  means  of  transportation,  since  it  is  of  primary 
importance  to  the  extension  of  trade  and  commerce  and  improved 
financial  relations  between  the  American  Republics." 

Mr.  Roger  W.  Babson  of  Boston  spoke  of  government-ownership 
of  steamship  lines  between  this  country  and  the  other  American 
Republics,  He  said:  "The  time  has  come  when  we  should  either  put 
up  or  shut  up.  Let  us  flirt  with  these  Latin-Americans  no  longer. 
Let  us  either  cease  our  caressing  words  or  else  show  our  faith  by 
works.  This  means,  let  us  buy  their  bonds,  help  them  in  financing 
their  public  works,  organize  banks  which  will  loan  money  to  their 
people,  adapt  our  manufactured  goods  to  their  needs,  and,  most 
important  of  all,  build  ships  which  will  make  possible  that  interchange 
of  peoples  and  goods  which  is  fundamental  to  the  growth,  prosperity, 
and  happiness  of  the  Americans." 

In  reference  to  ship  subsidies,  Mr.  Babson  said :  "The  experience 
of  these  Latin- American  countries  with  subsidies  has  been  verv  unfor- 
tunate. However  large  these  subsidies  have  been,  Germany,  England, 
or  one  of  their  own  neighbors  have  outbid  them,  and  the  value  of  the 
subsidy  has  been  lost.    The  use  of  subsidies,  I  was  told  by  these  South 

[94] 


PRACTICAL   RESULTS   OF   THE   PAN-AMERICAN    FINANCIAL   CONFERENCE 

American  officials,  consisted  in  giving  one  larger  than  is  given  to 
the  ships  of  competing  nations.  There  seems  to  be  no  value  to  sub- 
sidies when  the  nations  begin  to  bid  against  one  another,  which  is 
the  inevitable  result  under  present  conditions.  My  South  American 
friends  also  complained  bitterly  of  the  deteriorating  effects  of  sub- 
sidy legislation,  or  all  other  legislation  as  it  opened  the  way  to  graft. 

"Hence,  until  all  shipping  engaged  in  foreign  trade  is  under  uni- 
form laws,  and  flies  an  international  flag,  the  only  means  of  building 
up  a  merchant  marine  is  by  the  use  of  government-owned  ships.  This 
is  not  only  theory,  but  is  the  result  of  practical  experience  with  all 
the  different  systems  as  used  by  the  South  American  countries.  In 
fact,  the  President  of  one  of  these  countries  asked  me:  'Can 
democracy  lead  to  any  other  solution  ?' 

"Before  going  to  South  America,  I  was  opposed  to  a  government- 
owned  merchant  marine,  but  I  am  now  convinced  that  it  is  an  absolute 
necessity  for  cementing  together  the  Americas.  I  therefore  beg  of 
you,  my  fellow-countrymen,  who  are  official  guests  at  this  Confer- 
ence, not  to  oppose  this  principle  without  first  going  to  South  Amer- 
ica and  studying  the  need." 

An  address  was  made  at  the  Conference  by  Mr.  W.  C.  Le  Gendre 
of  the  banking  firm  of  Brown  Brothers  and  Company,  New  York. 
Mr.  Le  Gendre  said:  "In  casting  about,  during  the  recent  discussion 
of  the  proposed  shipping  bill,  I  ran  across  some  information,  and  will 
quote  the  following  case  of  Captain  Dollar  of  San  Francisco.  This 
gentleman  owns  both  United  States  and  foreign  vessels.  He  had 
stated  that  in  a  single  instance,  in  taking  a  ship  from  the  foreign  flag, 
and  putting  it  under  the  American  flag,  it  necessitated  the  employment 
of  four  additional  quartermasters  at  $70  a  month,  an  extra  engineer 
at  $70  a  month,  three  water-tenders  at  $75  a  month,^and,  incident- 
ally, nobody  seems  to  know  what  a  water-tender  is  on  a  foreign  ship. 

"The  total  cost  was  $680  a  month,  simply  for  changing  the  flag  on 
that  ship,  or  $8,160  a  year.  In  addition  to  that,  the  difference  in  cost 
for  tonnage  dues  entering  every  port  is  based  on  a  much  larger  ton- 
nage measurement  under  the  American  flag.  The  total  cost,  or  the 
total  difference  in  cost,  of  operating  that  ship  would  closely  approx- 
imate $12,000  a  year.  Is  there  any  object  for  an  American,  who  can 
own  ships  and  operate  them  under  the  English  flag,  for  instance,  to 
put  them  under  the  American  flag,  and  pay  that  additional  amount? 
Is  not  this  the  reason  why  we  do  not  get  American  ships?  It  seems 
to  me  that  this  statement  sums  up  the  whole  question.  It  might  not 
be  amiss  to  add  that  a  person  more  expert  and  better  informed  than 

[95] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

myself  could  add  further  expense  in  respect  of  port  dues  and  other 
expenses  incurred  in  loading  and  unloading." 

At  the  close  of  the  Conference,  Secretary  McAdoo  announced 
that  measures  recommended  by  the  Conference  are  to  be  brought 
before  Congress  next  winter.  Mr.  McAdoo  also  stated  that  he  should 
counsel  the  President  to  recommend,  in  his  next  annual  message  to 
Congress,  that  the  plans  to  bring  more  closely  together  the  business 
relations  of  the  American  nations  be  put  into  operation. 

The  recommendations  of  the  Conference  will  be  laid  before  the 
South  and  Central  American  Governments  also. 

The  most  important  results  of  the  Conference  might,  perhaps,  be 
summed  up  as  they  were  by  the  Baltimore  Sun. 

"Strong  recommendations  for  the  establishment  of  fast  and  direct 
steamship  lines,  'at  the  earliest  possible  moment,'  between  the  two 
American  Continents,  the  creation  of  an  Tnternational  High  Com- 
misssion'  to  propose  uniform  trade  and  commercial  laws  to  the  various 
Pan  American  nations,  an  agreement  to  organize  a  'trade  dispute 
court'  to  arbitrate  business  differences  between  merchants  of  the  two 
Continents,  and  the  appointment  of  permanent  committees  to  act  as" 
a  'clearing-house  of  business  and  financial  information'  for  each  of 
the  Latin  American  countries  in  the  United  States,  constitute  the  con- 
crete results  of  the  Pan  American  Financial  Conference." 


[96] 


PITPANS  OR  NATIVE  CANOES  OF  GUATEMALA 


THE  GRENADIERS  OF  SAN  MARTIN  PASSING  THROUGH  THE  STREETS 

OF  BOULOGNE-SUR-MER 

Sent  by  the  Argentine  Republic  to  represent  the  army,  at  the  unveiling  of  a 

statue  to  General  San  Martin,  who  himself  founded  this   regiment 


IN   THE  MUSEU  GOELDI,   PARA,   BRAZIL 
A  corner  of  the  room  devoted  to  Amazonian  archaeology 


PICKING  CACAO  PODS,   SANTO  DOMINGO 


A   SKY   SCRAPER   IN   BUENOS  AIRES,   SAID   TO   BE  THE  FIRST   IN   SOUTH 

AMERICA 


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STATUE  OF  MURILLO,  THE  PATRIOT  LEADER,  AT  LA  PAZ.   BOLIVIA 


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THE  HONORABLE  JOHN  BASSET  MOORE 

HE  following  digest  of  the  recommendations  of  the 
various  groups  of  the  Conference  was  presented  at 
its  close  by  John  Bassett  Moore,  formerly  Counselor 
of  the  State  Department,  this  digest  not  including, 
however,  the  work  of  the  Transportation  Committee, 
nor  that  of  the  Uniform  Laws  Committee. 


First,  the  report  of  Bolivia  is  a  full  review  of  the  financial  con- 
ditions and  trade  and  commerce,  including  its  natural  resources, 
particularly  its  minerals,  rubber,  timber,  fruit,  and  live  stock.  It 
also  deals  with  the  question  of  railway  extension  transportation — 
ocean  and  interior ;  with  the  monetary  situation,  banking  and  finance, 
and  suggests  the  organization  of  a  central  commercial  agency  in  con- 
nection with  or  under  the  supervision  of  the  United  States  Chamber 
of  Commerce. 

The  group  report  of  Chile  recommends  the  adoption  by  the  various 
countries  of  legislation,  first,  to  facilitate  the  drawing  of  bills  of 
exchange  upon  one  another  by  the  financial  institutions  of  South 
American  countries  and  the  financial  institutions  of  the  United 
States;  second,  to  make  bonded  warehouse  warrants  and  receipts 
available  as  collateral  security  for  the  development  of  international 
commerce. 

It  recommends  the  advisability  of  permitting  the  payment  of  such 
part  of  the  export  duties  on  nitrates  from  Chile  to  the  United  States, 
such  parts  as  are  now  paid  in  ninety  days'  sight  drafts,  sterling  on 
London,  in  ninety  days'  sight  drafts  in  dollars  in  New  York,  at  such 
rates  of  exchange  as  may  be  periodically  fixed  by  the  Chilean  authori- 
ties ;  also,  that  such  changes  be  made  in  the  laws  of  the  United  States 

[113] 


THE   JOURNAL    OF   AMERICAN    HISTORY 

as  will  enable  bankers  to  extend  their  credit,  discount,  and  rediscount 
facilities  so  as  to  conform  to  the  trade  customs  and  necessities  of 
Latin  America.  It  also  recommends  that  a  permanent  inter- American 
commission  be  established  to  study  commercial  problems  and  con- 
ditions. 

QlcUimbta 
The  Colombian  delegates  recommend,  first,  special  committees 
on  uniform  law  and  on  transportation  for  each  country  similar  to 
those  appointed  in  connection  with  this  conference;  second,  the  co- 
operation of  those  committees  in  financial  and  commercial  matters; 
third,  the  consideration  of  the  establishment  of  a  general  executive 
council  to  meet  in  Washington  at  least  once  a  year;  fourth,  the  con- 
sideration of  the  appointment  of  a  board  of  engineers  to  investigate 
projects  which  require  financing. 

The  report  of  the  Costa  Rican  group  gives  a  full  survey  of  the 
public  finances  of  that  country,  its  monetary  situation,  banking  situa- 
tion and  financing  of  private  enterprises ;  emphasizes  the  need  of  trade 
facilities  and  the  extension  of  inter-American  markets.  The  subject 
of  the  merchant  marine  and  improved  transportation  facilities  are 
very  fully  covered. 

(Hvfbu 

The  report  of  the  Cuban  group,  after  a  survey  of  the  commercial 
relations,  recommends  that  the  high  duties  that  hamper  the  importa- 
tion of  Cuban  tobacco  into  the  United  States  be  ameliorated,  and  in 
view  of  the  abolition  by  the  United  States  of  import  duties  on  sugar, 
the  principle  of  the  reciprocal  reduction  of  duties  be  extended  by 
treaty  stipulations  in  addition  to  those  that  already  exist,  so  as  to 
preserve  the  principle  of  reciprocity  as  the  foundation  of  trade  rela- 
tions between  the  two  countries. 

This  report  also  deals  with  the  question  of  transportation,  with 
that  of  the  parcel  post,  the  extension  of  credit,  sending  out  of  experts, 
capable  commercial  representatives,  with  samples,  and  also  of  making 
uniform,  so  far  as  may  be  practicable,  of  commercial  laws  and  the 
extension  of  the  system  of  arbitration  for  the  settlement  of  commercial 
disputes. 

Somwtran  S?  puhltr 

The  report  of  the  Dominican  Republic  reviews  the  present  state 
of  the  public  finances  in  that  country  and  suggests  remedies  for 
present  inconveniences.  Particularly,  it  advises  a  reduction  of  the 

[114] 


THE    WORK   OF   THE   PAN-AMERICAN    CONGRESS 

duties  on  Dominican  tobacco  in  the  United  States  and  the  making 
of  an  adequate  reciprocity  treaty  between  the  Dominican  Republic 
and  this  country.  The  present  banking  situation  and  extension  and 
Hberalizing  of  bank  faciHties  are  dealt  with;  also  financing,  first  of 
public  improvements  and  second  of  private  enterprises. 

There  is  a  discussion  also  of  the  extension  of  inter-American 
markets;  the  development  of  the  merchant  marine  and  improved 
transportation  facilities  are  emphasized;  also  attention  is  drawn  to 
the  desirability  of  the  modification  of  the  existing  postal  conventions 
in  this  particular,  first,  the  extension  to  the  countries  embracing  the 
Pan-American  Union  of  the  same  letter  rates  as  now  exist  between 
the  United  States,  Cuba,  and  Mexico;  second,  the  extension  to  the 
same  countries  of  the  same  rate  of  newspaper  postage  as  exists  in 
the  United  States,  and  third  the  adoption  by  the  same  countries  of 
uniform  service  for  postal  money  orders  and  parcel  post. 

The  situation  in  Ecuador  is  very  fully  presented  by  a  document 
and  report  presented  in  a  memorandum  to  the  president  of  this  con- 
ference— the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  before  the  conference  met — 
on  conditions  in  that  country.  This  report  is  very  full  of  suggestions 
as  to  the  work  that  might  properly  be  undertaken  by  this  conference. 
These  suggestions  are  grouped  under  eleven  heads,  and  in  all  em- 
brace thirty-two  different  topics. 

The  report  of  the  Guatemala  group  contains  a  review  of  the 
financial  and  commercial  conditions  of  that  country;  recommends, 
first,  the  practical  demonstration  in  Guatemala  of  agricultural 
machinery  and  tools  made  in  the  United  States;  second,  that  the 
attention  of  American  manufacturers  be  drawn  to  the  opportunity 
for  the  use  of  portable  sawmills  in  cutting  the  woods  of  the  country, 
and  of  improved  sugar  cane  machinery;  third,  that  the  shipment  of 
wares  be  made  in  packages  suitable  to  transportation  facilities  or 
requirements  in  the  various  countries;  fourth,  that  the  American 
manufacturers  maintain  in  Guatemala  City  a  permanent  exhibition 
of  their  products;  fifth,  that  a  uniform  postal  system  through  the 
Americas  be  adopted;  sixth,  the  uniform  classification  of  articles  for 
the  purpose  of  levying  on  customs  duties;  seventh,  the  grant  by 
American  merchants  of  credits  of  not  less  than  ninety  days  for  the 
payment  of  purchases;  eighth,  the  sending  out  of  expert  agents  to 
sell  goods;  ninth,  affording  facilities  in  American  schools  for  young 

[115] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

men  from  Latin  America;  tenth,  increased  attention  in  Latin- Amer- 
ican countries  to  the  study  of  poHtical  economy,  finance  and  business 
questions  in  the  schools;  eleventh,  the  interchange  of  professors  and 
students;  twelfth,  the  teaching  of  Spanish  in  the  United  States  and 
in  courses  in  history  and  geography  of  Latin  America;  thirteenth, 
the  more  general  establishment  of  chambers  of  commerce;  also  the 
improvement  of  transportation  facilities,  the  appointment  of  consult- 
ing commissions  in  each  country  and  the  improvement  of  banking 
facilities. 

The  report  of  the  Nicaragua  group  reviews  the  political,  com- 
mercial and  financial  condition  of  that  country,  describes  its  natural 
resources,  emphasizes  the  importance  of  improving  banking  facilities, 
and  draws  attention  to  the  fact  that  Nicaragua  has  a  field  for  the 
investment  of  capital. 

Jpanama 

The  report  of  the  Panama  group  makes  recommendation  in 
regard  to  the  acceptance  of  coupon  books  issued  by  the  Panama  Canal 
Company,  and  the  purchase  of  commodities  and  certain  changes  in 
the  practices  of  commissary  owned  directly  or  indirectly  by  the 
United  States.  It  also  recommends  the  abolition  of  discriminatory 
freight  rates  of  the  Panama  Railroad  Company;  and  that  the  use  of 
the  canal  for  transportation  between  the  ports  of  Panama  and  Colon 
be  secured  freely.  It  also  recommends  that  the  federal  reserve  board 
open  branch  banks  in  North,  Central  and  South  America;  that  ship- 
ping facilities  be  improved,  and  that  in  sending  out  quotations  or 
prices  and  in  the  drawing  of  drafts  computations  be  made  upon  the 
United  States  dollar. 

^altiahor 

The  report  of  the  Salvador  group  emphasizes  the  lack  of  com- 
mercial treaties  between  that  country  and  the  United  States.  It 
recommends  the  establishment  of  a  chamber  of  commerce  to  Salvador, 
it  strongly  urges  co-operation  of  banking  institutions  in  establishing 
reasonable  credit,  and  recommends  the  exchange  of  students  and  of 
the  wider  dissemination  of  commercial  and  agricultural  information. 

Uruguag 

The  report  of  the  Uruguay  group  deals  first  with  the  improve- 
ment of  transportation  by  abolishing  discriminatory  duties  and  by 
granting  direct  or  indirect  subsidies  to  shipping,",  or  both;  second, 

[ii6] 


THE   WORK   OF   THE   PAN-AMERICAN    FINANCIAI/  CONGRESS 

the  adoption  of  the  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures,  and, 
meanwhile,  making  up  prices,  invoices  and  bills  of  lading  in  the 
metrical  unit;  third,  that  cheaper  cable  rates  be  secured,  and  that 
the  governments  undertake  in  co-operation  the  development  of  wire- 
less telegraph  systems.  The  report  also  recommends  the  establish- 
ment of  the  international  monetary  unit;  also  improved  banking 
facilities,  granting  the  more  liberal  credits,  and  the  adhesion  of  the 
North  American  countries  to  the  South  American  postal  convention 
of  Montevideo  of  June,  191 1.  The  report  also  recommends  the  mak- 
ing of  reciprocity  arrangements;  also  the  interchange  of  students,  and, 
lastly,  the  decrease  of  duties  on  the  necessaries  of  life  and  the  adopt- 
tion  of  progressive  taxes  on  inheritance,  and  also  the  co-operation 
of  the  governments  forming  the  Pan-American  Union  in  measures 
in  devising  and  in  the  enforcement  of  measures  to  overcome  frauds 
in  these  particulars. 

IBraztl 

The  Brazil  reports  deal  with  the  financing  of  transactions 
involving  importation  and  exportation  of  goods,  and  the  question  of 
local  commercial  banking  and  the  various  questions  of  trade  and  of 
commerce.  It  recommends,  in  particular,  first,  that  greater  prom- 
inence be  given  in  the  public  schools  and  other  educational  institu- 
tions of  the  United  States  to  the  study  of  the  Cen.Val  and  South 
American  countries,  their  geographical  location,  natural  resources, 
government  and  languages;  second,  that  emphasis  be  given  to  the 
necessity  of  greater  liberality  being  exercised  in  the  interpretation 
of  customs  regulations  by  the  countries  of  North  America,  and  Latin 
America,  especially,  with  respect  to  the  free  entrance  of  drawback 
of  duty  on  travelers'  samples  or  other  samples  introduced  into  the 
respective  countries,  solely  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  trade; 
third,  with  the  necessity  of  more  effective  protection  of  trade  marks ; 
fourth,  to  facilitate  reciprocal  business  relations  between  merchants 
and  manufacturers  of  both  nations  and  the  granting  of  such  reason- 
able credit  in  both  directions  as  may  be  safe  and  desirable,  and  it 
recommends  the  establishment  of  a  reliable  means  whereby  merchants 
and  manufacturers  of  either  nation  can  determine  with  reasonable 
accuracy  the  financial  responsibility  of  the  purchaser  of  the  other 
nation ;  fifth,  it  strongly  recommends  that  there  be  established  between 
the  United  States  and  Latin-American  countries  a  system  of  direct 
exchange  based  on  the  dollar  unit  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America;  sixth,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  interchange  of  products 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  American  countries. 

[117] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

It  recommends  the  formation  of  bureaus  of  standards  of  the 
respective  countries  to  standardize,  in  so  far  as  possible,  the  require- 
ments of  each  country,  and  recommends  to  the  manufacturers  and 
purchasers  of  the  several  countries  the  immediate  recognition  of  such 
standards  and  corresponding  weights  and  measures;  seventh,  atten- 
tion is  drawn  to  the  favorable  results  which  have  followed  the  grant- 
ing by  Brazil  and  Cuba  of  preferential  duties  applying  to  certain 
products  of  the  United  States  and  recommends  the  extension  of 
reciprocal  tariff  concession  between  the  Latin  American  countries 
and  the  United  States ;  eighth,  it  emphasizes  the  extreme  necessity  for 
rapid,  frequent  and  dependable  marine  transportation  service  to 
provide  adequately  for  the  maintenance  and  development  of  com- 
merce between  the  countries  of  North  and  South  America. 


[ii8] 


ICatttt  Kmnims  MtmxMxan  ta  tly^ 
l«0tn?0a  Mm  af  % 

HE  Latin  American  delegates  to  the  Pan  American 
Financial  Conference  unanimously  adopted  a  resolu- 
tion, proposing  a  visit  by  delegates  from  the  United 
States  banking,  commercial,  and  industrial  interests 
represented   at   the   Conference   to   the   South   and 
Central    American    represented,    this    visit    to    take 
place  within  the  next  six  months. 
A  committee  will  be  appointed  from  among  the  Latin  American 
delegates  to  arrange  for  such  a  tour  by  business  men  of  the  United 
States. 

The  Honorable  John  Barrett,  Director  General  of  the  Pan  Amer- 
ican Union,  said  that  he  regarded  such  a  wholesale  invitation  as 
distinctively  characteristic  of  the  Latin  American  people,  and  he  added 
that  he  has  no  doubt  each  and  every  one  of  the  Governments  of  South 
and  Central  America  will  appropriate  a  large  sum  toward  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  visiting  delegates  from  this  country. 

The  resolution,  which  was  presented  by  Doctor  Pedro  Cosio, 
Chairman  of  the  delegation  from  Uruguay  to  the  Pan  American 
Financial  Conference,  is  as  follows : 

"The  Latin  American  countries  here  represented  invite  the 
banks,  industrial  and  commercial  interests  represented  in  this  congress 
to  unite  within  a  period  of  six  months  in  visiting  the  various  countries 
of  South  and  Central  America,  where  they  will  be  received  by  the 
governments,  chambers  of  commerce,  industrial  interests,  etc. 

"2.  In  this  respect  the  governments  of  the  countries  visited  will 
consider  it  an  honor  to  entertain  the  delegates  as  their  guests. 

"3.  Details  respecting  itineraries,  places  to  be  visited,  etc.,  will 
be  determined  in  due  time. 

''4.  A  special  committee  representing  the  countries  here  assem- 
bled will  be  formed  by  the  governments'  representatives  of  said  coun- 
tries accredited  to  the  government  of  the  United  States  with  the 
object  of  formulating  the  necessary  arrangements  to  carry  out  this 
proposition." 

[119] 


W^t  p^raonttH  of  tij?  patt-Ammratt 

ifottcrartj  p«0tli?ttta 

HEIR  Excellencies,  the  Ministers  of  Finance:  Senor 
Doctor  Enrique  Carbo,  Argentina;  Senor  Doctor  C. 
Rojas,  Bolivia;  Senhor  Doctor  Rivadavia  da  Cunha 
Correa,  Brazil;  Senor  Doctor  Alberto  Edwards, 
Chile;  Senor  Doctor  P.  L.  Mantilla,  Colombia;  Senor 
Doctor  Mariano  Guardia  Carazo,  Costa  Rica;  Senor 
Doctor  Leopoldo  Cancio  E.,  Cuba;  Senor  Doctor  Sal- 
vador B.  Gautier,  Dominican  Republic;  Seiior  Doctor  Juan  F.  Game, 
Ecuador ;  Seiior  Doctor  Guillermo  Aguirre,  Gautemala ;  Senor  General 
Leopoldo  Cordova,  Honduras;  Sefior  Doctor  Pedro  R.  Cuadra,  Nica- 
ragua; Seiior  Doctor  Aristides  Arjona,  Panama;  Sefior  Doctor  Jeron- 
imo  Zubizarett^,,  Paraguay ;  Sefior  Doctor  L.  F.  Villaran,  Peru ;  Sefior 
and  Sefior  Doctor  R.  Cardenas,  Venezuela. 

The  Honorable  Andrew  J.  Peters,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury;  the  Honorable  Samuel  Hale  Pearson,  Chairman  of  Argen- 
tina Delegation ;  the  Honorable  Ignacio  Calderon,  Chairman  of  Bolivia 
Delegation;  the  Honorable  Doctor  Amaro  Cavalcanti,  Chairman  of 
Brazil  Delegation;  the  Honorable  Luis  Izquierdo,  Chairman  of  Chile 
Delegation;  the  Honorable  Santiago  Perez  Triana,  Chairman  of 
Colombia  Delegation;  the  Honorable  Mariano  Guardia,  Chairman  of 
Costa  Rica  Delegation;  the  Honorable  Doctor  Pablo  Desvernine  y 
Galdos,  Chairman  of  Cuba  Delegation;  the  Honorable  Francisco  J. 
Peynado,  Chairman  of  Dominican  Republic  Delegation ;  the  Honorable 
Doctor  Juan  Cueva  Garcia,  Chairman  of  Ecuador  Delegation;  the 
Honorable  Carlos  Herrera,  Chairman  of  Guatemala  Delegation;  the 
Honorable  General  Leopoldo  Cordova,  Chairman  of  Honduras  Dele- 
gation ;  the  Honorable  Pedro  Rafael  Cuadra,  Chairman  of  Nicaragua 
Delegation;  the  Honorable  Aristides  Arjona,  Chairman  of  Panama 
Delegation ;  the  Honorable  Hector  Velazquez,  Chairman  of  Paraguay 
Delegation;  the  Honorable  Isaac  Alzamora,  Chairman  of  Peru  Dele- 
gation; the  Honorable  Alfonso  Quifiones,  Chairman  of  Salvador 
Delegation ;  the  Honorable  Pedro  Cosio,  Chairman  of  Uruguay  Dele- 

[120] 


THE  PERSONNEL  OF  THE  PAN-AMERICAN  FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE 

gation,  and  the  Honorable  Pedro  Rafael  Rincones,  Chairman  of  Vene- 
zuela Delegation. 

Argentina:  Senor  Don  Samuel  Hale  Pearson,  Sefior  Doctor 
Ricardo  C.  Aldao,  Senor  Doctor  V.  Villamil,  Sefior  Doctor  John  E. 
Zimmerman.  Bolivia:  Sefior  Doctor  Ignacio  Calderon,  Seiior  Doc- 
tor Adolf o  Ballivian.  Brazil:  Doctor  Amaro  Cavalcanti.  Chile: 
Senor  Doctor  Luis  Izpuierdo,  Sefior  Doctor  Augusto  Villanueva. 
Senor  Doctor  Gonzalos  Vergara  Bulnes.  Colombia:  Senor  Doctor 
Santiago  Perez  Triana,  Seiior  Doctor  Roberto  Ancizar.  Costa  Rica  : 
Sefior  Doctor  Mariano  Guardia,  Mr.  John  M.  Keith.  Cuba:  Sefior 
Doctor  Pablo  Desvernine  y  Galdos,  Seiior  Doctor  Porfirio  Franca  y 
Alvarez  de  la  Campa,  Sefior  Doctor  Octavio  Zayas.  Dominican 
Republic:  Sefior  Doctor  Francisco  J.  Peynado,  Sefior  Doctor 
Enrique  Jimenez.  Ecuador:  Sefior  Doctor  Juan  Cueva  Garcia, 
Seiior  Doctor  Vicente  Gonzalez,  Sefior  Doctor  Enrique  Gallardo. 
Carlos  Herrera,  Seiior  Doctor  Juan  Lara.  Honduras  :  Sefior  Doctor 
Guatemala:  Senor  Doctor  Victor  Sanchez  Ocana,  Sefior  Doctor 
Leopoldo  Cordova,  Sefior  Dactor  D.  Fortin,  Sefior  Doctor  Alejandro 
S.  Lara.  Nicaragua:  Sefior  Doctor  Pedro  Rafael  Cuadra,  Mr.  Albert 
Strauss.  Panama:  Sefior  Doctor  Aristides  Arjona,  Sefior  Doctor 
Ramon  F.  Acevedo,  Sefior  Doctor  Ramon  Arias,  Jr.  Paraguay: 
Seiior  Doctor  Hector  Velaquez,  Mr.  William  Wallace  White.  Peru  : 
Sefior  Doctor  Isaac  Alzamora,  Sefior  Doctor  Eduardo  Higginson. 
Salvader  :  Senor  Doctor  Alfonso  Quinones,  Sefior  Doctor  Jose  Suay, 
Seiior  Doctor  Roberto  Aguilar.  Uruguay:  Sefior  Doctor  Pedro 
Cosio,  Sefior  Doctor  Gabriel  Terra,  Sefior  Doctor  Carlos  Maria  de 
Pena ;  and  Venezuela  :  Sefior  Doctor  Pedro  Rafael  Rincones. 
ii^mb^rsi  of  %  iipUimattr  CHorpa 

His  Excellency,  the  Ambassador  of  Argentina,  His  Excellency, 
the  Ambassador  of  Brazil,  His  Excellency,  the  Ambassador  of  Chile, 
the  Minister  of  Bolivia,  the  Minister  of  Colombia,  the  Minister  of 
Costa  Rica,  the  Minister  of  Cuba,  the  Minister  of  the  Dominican  Re- 
public, the  Minister  of  Ecuador,  the  Minister  of  Guatemala,  the  Min- 
ister of  Honduras,  the  Minister  of  Nicaragua,  the  Minister  of  Pan- 
ama, the  Minister  of  Paraguay,  the  Minister  of  Peru,  the  Minister  of 
Salvador,  the  Minister  of  Uruguay,  the  Minister  of  Venezuela. 

The  Presiding  Officer,  the  Honorable  William  Gibbs  McAdoo, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States;  Secretary  General, 
L.   S.   Rowe,   LL.  D. ;  Assistant   Secretaries  General,   Mr.  William 

[121] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

Franklin  Sands,  Mr.  Basil  Miles,  Mr.  J.  S.  Gittings,  Jr.,  Mr.  Brooks 
B.  Parker. 

Aerts,  G.  A.,  President  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Cincinnati ;  Allen, 
Frederic  W.  (vice  J.  J.  Storrow,  Boston)  ;  Ardrey,  J.  Howard,  Cashier 
City  National  Bank,  Dallas,  Texas;  Arnold,  J.  J.,  banker,  Chicago; 
Austin,  Richard  L.,  Chairman  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  Philadelphia. 

Bancroft,  Charles  G.,  President  International  Trust  Company, 
Boston;  Honorable  John  Barrett,  Director  General  Pan  American 
Union,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Belmont,  August,  New  York;  Bippus,  W. 
F.,  Treasurer  National  Cash  Register  Company,  Dayton,  Ohio;  Bixby, 
William  K.,  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  Boyd,  L.  C,  banker,  Indianapolis; 
Brand,  Charles  J.,  Chief  Office  of  Markets  and  Rural  Organization, 
Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Brown,  F.  Q.,  New 
York;  Brown,  James,  Brown  Brothers  and  Company,  New  York; 
Bryan,  Honorable  William  Jennings,  Secretary  of  State,  Washington, 
D.  C. ;  Honorable  John  Burke,  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. ;  Burleson,  Honorable  Albert  Sidney,  Postmaster  Gen- 
eral, Washington,  D.  C. ;  Butterworth,  William,  President  Deere  and 
Company,  Moline,  Illinois. 

Calderon,  Senor  Don  Ignacio,  Minister  of  Bolivia,  Washington^, 
D.  C. ;  Chamorro,  General  Don  E.,  Minister  of  Nicaragua,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. ;  Clapham,  A.  G.,  President  Commercial  National  Bank, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Clausen,  John,  Crocker  National  Bank,  San 
Francisco;  Conant,  Charles  A.,  New  York;  Cone,  Caesar,  Greensboro, 
North  Carolina;  Conklin,  Franklin,  Newark,  New  Jersey;  Coolidge, 
J.  Randolph,  Boston;  Cordova,  Doctor  Don  G.,  Minister  of  Ecuador, 
New  York;  Cornell,  Charles  L.,  Treasurer  Niles-Bement-Pond  Com- 
pany, New  York;  Crane,  Charles  R.,  Chicago;  Curtis,  Frederic  R., 
Chairman  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  Boston. 

Da  Gamo,  His  Excellency,  Domicio,  Ambassador  of  Brazil,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. ;  Davies,  Honorable  Joseph  E.,  Chairman  Federal  Trade 
Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Davison,  Henry  P.,  New  York; 
Deans,  H.  G.  P.,  Merchants'  Loan  and  Trust  Company,  Chicago;  De 
Cespedes,  Doctor  Carlos  M.,  Minister  of  Cuba,  Washinrjton,  D.  C. ; 
Defrees,  Joseph  H.,  Chicago ;  De  Lanoy,  William  C,  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, Washington,  D.  C. ;  Delano,  Frederick  A.,  Vice  Governor,  Fed- 
eral Reserve  Board,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  De  Lima,  E.  A.,  banker.  New 
York;  de  Navarro,  Alfonso,  Vice-President  Atlas  Portland  Cement 
Company,  New  York;  De  Pena,  Doctor  Carlos  M.,  Minister  of  Uru- 
guay, Washington,  D.  C. ;  Dominica,  Doctor  Don  Santos  A.,  Minister 

[122] 


THE  PERSONNEL  OF  THE  PAN-AMERICAN   FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE 

of  Venezuela,  Washington  D.  C. ;  Douglas,  William  H.,  New  York; 
Downey,  Honorable  George  E.,  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. ;  Duval,  G.  L.,  New  York. 

Eaton,  Frederick  H.,  New  York;  Edson,  John  Joy,  Washington, 
D.  C.;  Eldridge,  H.  R.,  Vice-President  National  City  Bank,  New 
York;  Elliott,  Honorable  Milton  C,  Counsel  Federal  Reserve  Board, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Emerson,  Guy,  New  York ;  Erskine,  A.  R.,  Vice- 
President  Studebaker  Company,  South  Bend,  Indiana;  Esberg,  A.  I., 
New  York. 

Fahey,  John  H.,  Boston;  Fairchild,  Samuel  J.,  New  York;  Fal- 
coner, Charles  E.,  President  Merchants'  and  Manufacturers'  Associa- 
tion, Baltimore;  Fancher,  E.  R.,  Governor  Federal  Reserve  Bank, 
Cleveland;  Farguhar,  A.  B.,  York,  Pennsylvania;  Farrell,  James  A., 
President  United  States  Steel  Corporation,  New  York;  Fisher,  Ed- 
mund D.,  banker.  New  York;  Flint,  Charles  R.,  New  York;  Forgan, 
J.  B.,  President  First  National  Bank,  Chicago;  Francis,  David  R.,  St. 
Louis,  Missouri;  Frederick,  Leopold,  New  York;  Fuerth,  Otto  H., 
New  York ;  Fuller,  Paul,  New  York. 

Galliher,  W.  T.,  President  American  National  Bank,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. ;  Gary,  Elbert  H.,  Chairman  Board  United  States  Steel  Cor- 
poration, New  York;  Given,  T.  Hart,  President  Farmers  Deposit  and 
National  Bank,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania;  Goldstein,  L.  S.,  New 
Orleans;  Goodhue,  F.  A.,  Vice-President  First  National  Bank,  Bos- 
ton; Goodwin,  Elliot  H.,  Secretary  United  States  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, Washington,  D.  C. ;  Gorrell,  Frank  E.,  National  Canners' 
Association,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Grace,  Joseph  P.,  New  York ;  Green, 

C.  A.,  Foreign  Department  R.  G.  Dun  and  Company,  New  York; 
Gregory,  Honorable  Thomas  Watt,  Attorney  General,  Washington, 

D.  C. ;  Grevstad,  Honorable  N.  A.,  Ex-United  States  Minister  to  Uru- 
guay; Guggenheim,  Daniel,  President  American  Smelting  and  Refin- 
ing Company,  New  York. 

Ham,  Clifford  D.,  Iowa;  Hamlin,  Charles  S.,  Governor  Federal 
Reserve  Board,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Hammond,  John  Hays,  New 
York;  Harding,  W.  P.  G.,  member  Federal  Reserve  Board,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. ;  Hardy,  Caldwell,  banker,  Norfolk,  Virginia;  Harper, 
Robert  N.,  President  District  National  Bank,  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
Harris,  A.  M.,  New  York;  Harris,  Honorable  William  J.,  Commis- 
sioner Federal  Trade  Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Harrison, 
Fairfax,  President  Southern  Railroad  Company,  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
Hart,  Francis  R.,  Boston;  Hasings,  S.  M.,  Chicago;  Hepburn,  A.  B., 
Chase  National  Bank,  New  York;  Hollander,  Professor  J.  E.,  Johns 
Hopkins   University,    Baltimore;   HoUiday,   John   H.,   Indianapolis; 

[123] 


THE    JOURNAL    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY 

Howard,  A.  B.,  New  York;  Hurley,  Honorable  Edward  M.,  Federal 
Trade  Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Imhoff,  C.  H.,  Vice-President  Irving  National  Bank,  New  York; 
Ingle,  William,  Chairman  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Jaffray,  C.  T.,  Vice-President  First  National  Bank,  Minneapolis; 
Jay,  Pierre,  Chairman  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  New  York;  Jiminez, 
Doctor  Enrique,  Minister  of  Dominican  Republic,  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
Johnson,  Alba  B.,  President  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  Philadel- 
phia; Johnston,  Archibald,  Vice-President  Bethlehem  Steel  Corpora- 
tion, New  York;  Jones,  De  Witt  Clinton,  American  Dyewood  Com- 
pany, New  York;  Jordan,  G.  G.,  banker,  Columbus,  Georgia;  Joy,  Ben- 
jamin, National  Shawmut  Bank,  Boston. 

Keith,  Charles  S.,  Keith  and  Perry,  Kansas  City;  Kelly,  N.  B., 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  Philadelphia;  Kent,  Fred  I.,  Vice-President 
Bankers'  Trust  Company,  New  York;  Kies,  W.  S.,  National  City 
Bank,  New  York;  Kiler,  Charles  A.,  Champaign,  Illinois;  Kretz, 
George  H.,  New  York. 

Lage,  Frederick,  New  York;  Lane,  Miles  B.,  President  Citizens' 
and  Southern  National  Bank,  Savannah;  Legerdie,  William  C,  New 
York;  Loeb,  William,  Jr.,  American  Smelting  and  Refining  Company, 
New  York;  Lufkin,  E.  C,  The  Texas  Company,  New  York;  Lyerly, 
Charles  A.,  President  First  National  Bank,  Chattanooga,  Tennessee. 

McChord,  Joseph  A.,  Governor  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  Atlanta; 
McCrosky,  James  Warren,  J,  G.  White  and  Company,  New  York; 
McQueen,  H.  C,  banker,  Wilmington,  North  Carolina;  McRoberts, 
Samuel,  Vice-President  National  City  Bank,  New  York;  Maddox, 
Robert  F.,  American  National  Bank,  Atlanta;  Mahana,  George  S., 
Corn  Products  Refining  Company,  New  York;  Malburn,  William  P., 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Martin,  William  McC,  Chairman  Federal  Reserve 
Bank,  St.  Louis,  Missouri ;  Meeker,  Arthur,  Armour  Grain  Company, 
Chicago;  Mendez,  Senor  Don  J.,  Minister  of  Gautemala,  Washington, 

D.  C. ;  Miller,  Honorable  Adolph  G.,  member  Federal  Reserve  Board, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Miller,  J.  Z.,  Jr.,  Chairman  Federal  Reserve  Bank, 
Kansas  City;  Minotto,  James,  Guaranty  Trust  Company,  New  York; 
Mitchell,  C.  D.,  President  Chattanooga  Plow  Company,  Chattanooga, 
Tennessee;  Moore,  Honorable  John  Bassett,  Professor  of  Interna- 
tional Law,  Columbia  University,  New  York;  Morales,  Doctor  Don 

E.  A.,  Minister  of  Panama,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Morgan,  J.  P.,  New 
York ;  Muchnic,  Charles,  American  Locomotive  Company,  New  York. 

Naon,  His  Excellency,  Romulo  S.,  Argentine  Ambassador,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. ;  Newton,  Honorable  Byron  R.,  Assistant  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury;  Nickerson,  J.  F.,  Vice-President  Chicago  Association  of 

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THE  PERSONNEL  OF  THE  PAN-AMERICAN  FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE 

Commerce,  Chicago;  Norris,  George  W.,  banker,  Philadelphia;  Nor- 
ton, Charles  D.,  First  National  Bank,  New  York;  Numsen,  George  N., 
President  National  Canners'  Association,  Baltimore. 

O'Brien,  Honorable  Edward  C,  New  York;  Olcott,  Honorable 
J.  Van  Vechten,  President  Pan  American  States  Association,  New 
York;  O'Neil,  J.  F.,  President  Fulton  Foundry  Company,  St.  Louis, 
Missouri;  Osborn,  William  H.,  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Osborne,  Honorable  John  E.,  First  Assistant 
Secretary  of  State,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Owen,  T.  Hart,  Pittsburgh, 
Pennsylvania;  Owens,  Doctor  Clarence  J.,  Managing  Director 
Southern  Commercial  Congress,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Paine,  A.  G.,  Jr.,  President  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  Com- 
pany, New  York;  Parker,  Walter,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  New- 
Orleans  ;  Parry,  Honorable  W.  H.,  Commissioner  Federal  Trade  Com- 
mission, Washington,  D.  C. ;  Patchin,  Robert  H.,  National  Foreign 
Trade  Council,  New  York;  Penfield,  Walter  S.,  lawyer,  Washington, 
D.  C. ;  Penny,  David  H.  G.,  Vice-President  Irving  National  Bank, 
New  York;  Pepper,  Charles  M.,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Perry,  Marsden 
J.,  President  Union  Trust  Company,  Providence,  Rhode  Island; 
Phillips,  Honorable  William,  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Pierson,  Lewis  E.,  President  Austin  Nichols  Com- 
pany, New  York;  Potter,  W.  C,  Guaranty  Trust  Company,  New 
York;  Price,  Theodore  H.,  New  York. 

Raskob,  John  J.,  Treasurer  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  Powder 
Company,  Wilmington,  Delaware ;  Redf ield,  Honorable  William  Cox, 
Secretary  of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Reynolds,  George  M., 
Commercial  and  Continental  Bank,  Chicago;  Reynolds,  Honorable 
James  B.,  National  Association  of  Cotton  Manufacturers,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. ;  Rhett,  R.  G.,  banker,  Charleston,  South  Carolina ;  Rhoads, 
Charles  J.,  Governor  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  Philadelphia ;  Rice,  E.  W., 
Jr.,  President  General  Electric  Company,  New  York;  Rich,  John  H., 
Minneapolis;  Richards,  George  H.,  Remington  Typewriter  Company, 
New  York;  Rossel,  John  S.,  Wilmington,  Delaware;  Rovensky,  J.  E., 
National  Bank  of  Commerce,  New  York;  Rowe,  W.  S.,  President  First 
National  Bank,  Cincinnati ;  Rublee,  Honorable  George,  Commissioner 
Federal  Trade  Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Rue,  Levi  L.,  Phila- 
delphia; Ruperti,  J.,  New  York;  Ryan,  John  D.,  President  Amal- 
gamated Copper  Company,  New  York. 

Sachs,  Samuel,  Goldman,  Sachs,  and  Company,  New  York ;  Saun- 
ders, W.  L.,  New  York;  Schiff,  Mortimer  L.,  New  York;  Schmidt, 
George  P.,  New  York;  Schoonmaker,  S.  L.,  Chairman  Board  of  Amer- 
ican Locomotive  Company,  New  York;  Seligman,  Isaac  M.,  J.  W. 

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Seligman  and  Company,  New  York;  Shapleigh,  A.  L.,  Commercial 
Club,  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  Sherrill,  Charles  H.,  New  York;  Shirley, 
James  J.,  T.  A.  Gillespie  Company,  New  York;  Simmons,  W.  D., 
Philadelphia;  Smith,  James  E.,  banker,  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  Speyer, 
James,  New  York ;  Storrow,  James  J.,  Boston ;  Straight,  Willard,  New 
York;  Strong,  Benjamin,  Jr.,  Governor  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  New 
York;  Suarez-Mujica,  His  Excellency,  Don  Eduardo,  Chilean  Ambas- 
sador, Washington,  D.  C. ;  Sulzberger,  G.  F.,  Sulzberger  and  Sons, 
New  York;  Sutter,  Charles  S.,  Chairman  Business  Men's  League  of 
St.  Louis,  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  Swiggett,  Doctor  Glen  L.,  Pan  Amer- 
ican Union,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Tedcastle,  A.  W.,  Boston;  Thomas,  E.  P.,  United  States  Steel 
Products  Company,  New  York;  Thompson,  Honorable  Arthur,  mem- 
ber Nicaraguan-Mexican  Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Toby, 
George  P.,  A.  B.  Leach  and  Company,  New  York;  Townley,  Calvert, 
Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company,  East  Pittsburgh, 
Pennsylvania ;  Traversia,  Honorable  Martin,  Treasurer  of  Porto  Rico. 

Untermyer,  Samuel,  New  York. 

Velazquez,  Hector,  Minister  of  Paraguay,  New  York ;  Vanderlip, 
Frank  A.,  President  National  City  Bank,  New  York. 

Wade,  F.  J.,  banker,  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  Warburg,  Honorable 
Paul  M.,  member  Federal  Reserve  Board,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  War- 
den, Charles  W.,  President  Continental  Trust  Company,  Washington, 
D.  C. ;  Warfield,  Edwin,  President  Fidelity  Trust  Company,  Balti- 
more; Warren,  Charles  B.,  President  Board  of  Commerce,  Detroit; 
Warren,  Charles  W.,  Continental  Trust  Company,  Washington,  D. 
C. ;  Wells,  Rolla,  Governor  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri; Wexler,  Solomon,  President  Whitney-Central  National  Bank, 
New  Orleans;  W^heeler,  Harry  A.,  Vice-President  Union  Trust  Com- 
pany, Chicago;  White,  J.  G.,  President  J.  G.  White  and  Company,  New 
York;  Wiggin,  A.  H.,  New  York;  Williams,  John  Skelton,  Comptroller 
.  of  the  Currency,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  WilHams,  R.  Lancaster,  Balti- 
more ;  Willis,  H.  Parker,  Secretary  Federal  Reserve  Board,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. ;  Wilson,  Honorable  William  Bauchop,  Secretary  of  Labor, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Wilson,  Doctor  W.  P.,  Director  Commercial 
Museum,  Philadelphia;  Wing,  Daniel  G.,  President  First  National 
Bank,  Boston ;  Wood,  Edward  Randolph,  Vice-President  Philadelphia 
Board  of  Trade,  Philadelphia;  Woolley,  Robert  W.,  Auditor  for  the 
Department  of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Yanes,  Honorable  Francisco  J.,  Assistant  Director  General  Pan 
American  Union,  Washington,  D.  C. 

[126] 


•.^v^* 


Frank  Allaben  Genealogical  Company 

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